One of the important genres of Russian oral literature, heroic epic poems in song form. Bylina means "what happened in the past" and is a term that was established as a genre name of oral literature in the 1930s, and was called "stalina" (old tales) among the common people. As its old name "old tales" indicates, bylina reflects the history of Russia from the 10th to 16th centuries. It originated in Kiev in the south and Novgorod in the north, and changed in various ways in the process of tradition over the centuries, but because its themes are related to Kiev and Novgorod, two major cities that played important roles in medieval Russia, it forms two systems of song, the Kiev song circle and the Novgorod song circle. In the Kievan Rus' Bylina, unrivaled heroes such as Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, and Alyosha Popovich perform various feats against foreign enemies and monsters in the "glorious city" of Kiev, where Vladimir the "Sun Prince" reigns. They are patriotic patriots belonging to the Grand Prince of Kiev's vassals, and fight against the Tatars "for Holy Russia." Bylina has the anachronism typical of heroic epics, and although the action is set in Kievan Rus' in the 10th and 11th centuries, the main focus is on the battles with the Tatars from the 13th century onwards. The buirina of the Novgorod Song Circle is set in Novgorod in northwestern Russia, which prospered as a commercial city of the Hanseatic League in the 14th and 15th centuries, and there are no stories of the southern Russian steppes or the military exploits of brave warriors there; the subject is the everyday life of the city, and the protagonists are its citizens. The two most prominent protagonists are the harp player Sadko, who gets the opportunity to become a wealthy merchant after meeting the water king of Lake Ilmen, and the quarrelsome and rowdy Vasily Busrayev, who symbolize the wealth and power of Novgorod. [Kurihara Shigeru] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ロシアの口承文芸の重要なジャンルの一つで、歌謡形態の英雄叙事詩。ブイリーナは「過去にあったこと」を意味し、口承文芸のジャンル名称として19世紀の30年代に定着した術語であり、民衆の間では「スターリナ(昔語り)」とよばれていた。ブイリーナは、その古称「昔語り」が示すように、10~16世紀のロシアの歴史を反映している。南方キエフと北方ノブゴロドの地で発生し、数世紀にわたる伝承の過程においてさまざまに変化したが、その主題が中世ロシアにおいて重要な役割を果たした二大都市、キエフとノブゴロドに関連するために、キエフ歌圏とノブゴロド歌圏という二系統の歌群を形成する。 キエフ歌圏のブイリーナでは、イリヤ・ムーロメッツ、ドブルイニャ・ニキーチチ、アリョーシャ・ポポビチなどの天下無双の豪傑たちが「太陽公」ウラジーミルが君臨する「栄えある都」キエフを舞台として、外敵や怪物を相手にさまざまな活躍をみせる。彼らはキエフ大公の従士団に属する愛国の志士たちで、「聖なるロシアのために」タタールと戦う。ブイリーナには英雄叙事詩特有のアナクロニズムがあり、活動舞台は10、11世紀のキエフ・ロシアに設定されているのに、13世紀以降のタタールとの戦闘が最大の関心事となっている。 ノブゴロド歌圏のブイリーナは、14、15世紀にハンザ同盟の商業都市として繁栄した北西ロシアのノブゴロドを舞台としたもので、そこには南ロシアのステップも勇士たちの武勲もなく、主題をなすのは都市の日常生活であり、主人公も市民である。代表的な主人公は、イリメニ湖の水の王との出会いから豪商となるきっかけをつかんだ琴弾きのサトコーと喧嘩(けんか)好きの暴れん坊ワシーリイ・ブスラーエフの2人で、ノブゴロドの富と力とを象徴する。 [栗原成郎] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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