Phillips curve

Japanese: フィリップス曲線 - ふぃりっぷすきょくせん(英語表記)Phillips curve
Phillips curve

British economist Alban William Phillips (1914-75) used data from 1861 to 1957 in the UK to study the relationship between wage growth and unemployment, and obtained the curve shown in Figure SS. This is called the Phillips curve, and shows that when the unemployment rate falls, wages rise rapidly, and conversely, when the unemployment rate rises, wages fall gradually. However, if the labor share is constant, the wage growth rate minus the labor productivity growth rate is approximately the inflation rate. If the labor productivity growth rate is stable, the higher the wage growth rate, the higher the inflation rate. Therefore, the Phillips curve means that the lower the unemployment rate, the higher the inflation rate. In other words, it shows that if you try to achieve full employment, inflation will occur, and if you try to stabilize prices, unemployment will increase. There is a trade-off between full employment and price stability, and in reality, the question is where on this curve to place the economy.

Since then, many measurements of the Phillips curve have been made in various countries, and the results show that the Phillips curve is very unstable, and its shape and position change depending on the period of time over which the data is collected. In particular, M. Friedman argues that the Phillips curve slopes downward only in the short term when people's expectations are fixed. According to him, in the long term, people's expectations change and adjustments are made, and the Phillips curve becomes a vertical line from the point of the natural rate of unemployment, as shown at LL in the figure . Here, the natural rate of unemployment is the unemployment rate specific to the economy, which is determined by the structure of the labor market and the wage structure. Therefore, according to Friedman, in the long term, there is no trade-off between full employment and price stability (the natural rate of unemployment hypothesis).

[Koichi Hatanaka]

[References] | Natural rate of unemployment hypothesis
Phillips Curve (Figure)
©Shogakukan ">

Phillips Curve (Figure)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イギリスの経済学者フィリップスAlban William Phillips(1914―75)は、イギリスにおける1861~1957年のデータを用いて賃金上昇率と失業率との関係を調べ、その結果、のSSのような曲線を得た。これがフィリップス曲線とよばれるもので、失業率が低下すると賃金は急速に上昇し、逆に失業率が増大すると賃金は徐々に低下することを示している。ところがいま、労働分配率が一定であるとすれば、賃金上昇率マイナス労働生産性上昇率が近似的に物価上昇率となる。もし労働生産性上昇率が安定的であるとすれば、賃金上昇率が大となれば物価上昇率も大となる。したがって、フィリップス曲線は失業率を低くすればするほど物価上昇率は高くなることを意味する。すなわち、完全雇用を達成しようとすればインフレが生じ、物価を安定させようとすれば失業が増大することを示している。完全雇用と物価安定の間にはトレード・オフが存在し、現実にはこの曲線上のどこに経済を置くかという問題にならざるをえない。

 その後各国でフィリップス曲線について数多くの計測がなされたが、その結果によると、フィリップス曲線は非常に不安定であって、データをとる期間によってその形状や位置が変化してしまうことが知られている。とくにM・フリードマンは、人々の期待が固定している短期にのみフィリップス曲線は右下がりの曲線となると主張している。彼によれば、長期的には人々の期待が変化して調整が行われ、フィリップス曲線はのLLのような自然失業率の点からの垂直線になるという。ここで自然失業率とは、労働市場の構造や賃金構造によって決定されるその経済特有の失業率である。したがってフリードマンによれば、長期的には、完全雇用と物価安定との間にはトレード・オフが存在しないこととなる(自然失業率仮説)。

[畑中康一]

[参照項目] | 自然失業率仮説
フィリップス曲線〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

フィリップス曲線〔図〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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