Hiroba (English: Square)

Japanese: 広場 - ひろば(英語表記)square
Hiroba (English: Square)

A wide open space. However, culturally it refers to a square in a Western city. Markets are held here, people gather in groups, various encounters take place, information and opinions are exchanged, and it is also a place for the public to meet. From this, newspapers and television also came to refer to columns and programs that introduce encounters between people and collect and introduce the opinions of many people as "something's square."

The origin of such urban squares can be found in the agora, a square built at the center of the ancient Greek city-state (polis). The word agora is derived from agorazo (gathering), and temples and government offices were built around the area, markets were established, and large numbers of people gathered and hung out. The people who gathered there enjoyed meeting each other, chatting and debating opinions, and incorporated the square into their outdoor living space, but when something happened, the square also became a place for political meetings. In ancient Rome, the square was called the forum, and just like in ancient Greece, it was a marketplace that was the center of civic economic life, a meeting place for the people, a place for festivals and events, and a place where people gathered and spent their time on a daily basis. This ancient Greek and Roman tradition was passed down to the cities of medieval Europe. Royal palaces, government offices, temples, courts, etc. were built around the square, and it became a place where markets were held and festivals were held, as well as a place where the military could gather in full force. After the 17th century, architectural and gardening techniques were introduced, and squares became more and more magnificent and grandiose as the "face" of the city. Foreign visitors measured the national power and cultural level of a country based on their impression of its central square, and the people who lived there demonstrated the prosperity of their city, nation and culture through the splendor and grandeur of their squares. In this way, the creation of magnificent squares became essential for the development of cities in Europe and its colonies.

When a city is surrounded by a wall to defend it from enemies, it is difficult to move the wall even if the population grows over time. As a result, buildings and the population become overcrowded within the walls, and living space becomes scarce. In search of a larger space, people go to the square, and beautiful squares become public places of relaxation. Women can be seen knitting while their children play. Men discuss politics. Others discuss art and literature. In this way, squares also served as public facilities used by individuals, and as centers of information, politics, and culture and the arts. It is only natural that Japanese people, who do not have a tradition of squares like this, long for squares as one of the important places of democracy. The terraces of European cafes, where people sit facing the road with small tables and chairs placed on the sidewalk, also originated from a custom created in such squares.

[Mitsusada Fukasaku]

The significance of squares today

Historically, squares were created as "auxiliary spaces" of shrines, temples, markets, and trading plazas, which were facilities for exchange. However, as people's outdoor life expanded, they developed into "unique spaces" where the existence and form of the space itself are meaningful, such as meeting plazas, parks, and sports plazas. Unlike feudal societies in the Middle Ages and early modern times, where people were prevented from interacting freely and were forced to live closed lives, modern capitalist societies are societies in which people's interactions and lives are extremely socialized. This trend will continue to develop in the future, and people's outdoor lives and the squares that accommodate them will become even more diverse. An important perspective on modern squares is that just as people's outdoor lives form a close network that ranges from daily life in the neighborhood to leisure life on a wide scale, squares must also have a corresponding continuous and diverse network. It is a network of neighborhood plazas and parks where children and the elderly can spend time in safety, shopping malls and sports fields that are hubs of community life for local residents, central plazas and outdoor green spaces that can be used as venues for cultural and artistic activities throughout the year and various political rallies, and evacuation and disaster prevention plazas in emergencies.

[Moriaki Hirohara]

"Japan's Urban Parks - A History of Their Development" edited by Shintaro Sakamoto (2005, Interaction) " ▽ "Reprint of Japan's Plazas" edited by the Urban Design Research Group (2009, Shokokusha)

[References] | Agora | Café | Community | Form | Green Area

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

広々と開けた場所。ただし文化的には西欧的都市における広場をさす。ここには市(いち)が立ち、人々が群れ集まり、いろいろな出会いがあったり、情報や意見の交換が行われたり、民衆の集会の場ともなる。そこから新聞やテレビも、人の出会いや多数の意見を集めて紹介する欄や番組をも比喩(ひゆ)的に「何々の広場」とよぶようになった。

 このような都市的広場の起源は、古代ギリシアの都市国家(ポリス)の中心につくられた広場「アゴラ」agoraに求められる。アゴラとは「アゴラゾ(集まる)」を語源にしたもので、周辺に神殿や役所が建ち並び、市が立ち、人々が多数集まりたむろしていた。集まった人々は出会いを喜び、歓談したり、意見を闘わせたりして、この広場を戸外での生活の場の一部に組み入れていたが、なにか事があると広場は政治的集会の場ともなった。古代ローマ時代、広場は「フォルム」とよばれたが、古代ギリシア時代と同様、市民経済生活の中心をなす市場であり、民会の議場であり、祭りや催しの場であり、人々が日常的にたむろして時を過ごす場所でもあった。この古代ギリシア・ローマの伝統は、中世ヨーロッパの都市にも受け継がれてゆく。王宮、役所、寺院、裁判所などが広場を囲んで建てられ、市が立ったり、祭りが行われたりする一方、軍隊の勢ぞろいする場ともなった。17世紀以後は、建築技術と庭園技術が導入され、広場は都市の「顔」としてますます華麗壮大化した。外国から訪れた者たちは、とくに中央広場をみた印象で、その国の国力や文化水準を計ったし、そこに住む人々は広場の華麗壮大さで自分たちの都市や国家や文化の隆盛を誇示したのである。このようにして、ヨーロッパおよびヨーロッパの植民地の都市づくりに、りっぱな広場づくりが不可欠のものとなった。

 外敵から都市を防衛するため周囲を城壁で囲むと、時がたち人口が増えても城壁を動かし移すことは困難である。したがって城壁内には建物も人口も過密になり、生活の空間が乏しくなる。そこで広い空間を求めて人々は広場に出かけ、美しい広場を公共の憩いの場とするようになった。子供を遊ばせ自分は編物をする女性の姿もみられる。政治談義をする男たちもいる。芸術や文学を語り合う者たちもいる。このように広場とは個人も利用する公共施設、情報・政治・文化芸術のセンターの役割をも担った。こうした広場の伝統のない日本人が、民主主義のだいじな場の一つとして、広場にあこがれるのは当然であろう。なお、ヨーロッパのカフェーで歩道に小卓・椅子(いす)を置いて人々が道路に向かって座るテラスも、こうした広場でつくられた習慣から派生したものである。

[深作光貞]

現代における広場の意義

広場は、歴史的には鎮守の境内や寺院広場、市場や交易広場のように、交流拠点施設である神社、寺院、市場などの「付属空間」として生まれたが、人々の戸外生活が拡大するにつれて、集会広場や公園、スポーツ広場のように空間そのものの存在と形態が意味をもつ「独自空間」として発展してきた。人々が自由な交流を妨げられ閉鎖的生活を強いられていた中世や近世の封建社会とは異なり、現代資本主義社会は人々の交流と生活の社会化が極度に進んだ社会である。そしてこの流れは今後ますます発展し、それとともに人々の戸外生活およびその受け皿としての広場もさらに多様化することであろう。現代の広場に対する重要な視点は、人々の戸外生活が近隣での日常生活から広域的スケールでの余暇生活に至るまでの緊密なネットワークを形成しているように、広場もまたそれに対応する連続的で多様なネットワークをもたなければならない点である。子供やお年寄りが安心して過ごせる近隣広場や公園、地域住民のコミュニティ生活の結節点であるショッピング・モールやスポーツ広場、四季折々の文化芸術活動や各種政治集会などの舞台となる中央広場や野外緑地、そして非常時の避難・防災広場などのネットワークである。

[広原盛明]

『坂本新太郎監修『日本の都市公園――その整備の歴史』(2005・インタラクション)』『都市デザイン研究体編著『復刻版 日本の広場』(2009・彰国社)』

[参照項目] | アゴラ | カフェー | コミュニティ | フォルム | 緑地地域

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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