Biological phenology - seibutsu tsukisetsu

Japanese: 生物季節 - せいぶつきせつ
Biological phenology - seibutsu tsukisetsu

This refers to seasonal changes observed in various activities of living organisms. This includes plant phenology, such as flowering, germination, and fruiting, animal phenology, such as migration, dormancy, and rutting, and life cycle phenology, which appears as changes in human life.

These seasonal phenomena are often caused by seasonal changes in the living environment of living organisms, such as climate and photoperiod. Therefore, the phenology of a particular region can be used to comprehensively understand the weather environment. For example, Somei-Yoshino cherry trees begin to flower when the average temperature reaches 10°C, so by observing their flowering, the temperature of various regions can be estimated. Predicting the weather environment from the phenology of a particular region has been widely used in the management of agricultural and forestry products from the time when there were no precise means of meteorological observation to the present day. One example is the flower calendar, which lists the flowering and fruiting periods of various plants on a calendar, which has long been used as an indicator for agricultural work. On the other hand, the flowering period of phenology, which is controlled by photoperiod, such as the flowering of chrysanthemums, can be adjusted by artificially changing the hours of daylight. Chrysanthemum flowers seen in midwinter are the result of autumn and winter chrysanthemums being suppressed by electric lighting.

Examples of biological clocks with approximately annual cycles built into the bodies of organisms that control phenology rather than being directly influenced by the environment include hibernation and aestivation in small mammals, and migration and reproduction in birds.

[Tetsu Sato]

[Reference] | Plant Seasons

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生物の種々の活動にみられる季節による変動をいう。開花、発芽、結実などにみられる植物季節、渡り、休眠、発情などにみられる動物季節、人間生活の変化として現れる生活季節が含まれる。

 これらの季節的現象は、生物の生活環境、たとえば気候、日長などが季節によって変動することにより引き起こされることが多い。したがって、生物季節から特定の地域の気象環境を総合的に把握できる。たとえば、ソメイヨシノの開花は平均気温が10℃に達すると始まるため、開花を観測することによって各地の気温を推測することができる。生物季節による気象環境の推測は、精密な気象観測手段のなかった時代から今日に至るまで、農業や林業産物の管理などに広く利用されている。種々の植物の開花や結実の時期を暦上に並べた花暦(はなごよみ)が、古くから農作業などの指標として用いられていることは、その一例である。一方、日長の支配を受ける生物季節、たとえばキクの開花では、人工的に日照時間を変えて開花時期を調節することができる。真冬にみられるキクの花は秋ギクや寒ギクの開花を電灯照明で抑制したものである。

 環境の直接の影響によるのではなく、生物の体内に組み込まれた約1年周期の生物時計が生物季節を支配している例も、小形哺乳(ほにゅう)類の冬眠や夏眠、鳥類の渡りや繁殖などで知られている。

[佐藤 哲]

[参照項目] | 植物季節

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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