Peel, Sir Robert

Japanese: ピール（英語表記）Peel， Sir Robert
Peel, Sir Robert
Born: 5 February 1788, Bury, Lancashire
[Died] July 2, 1850, London. British politician. Graduated from Oxford University, he became a member of the House of Commons at the age of 21 in 1809, belonging to the Tory Party. From 1810 to 1812, he was Under Secretary of State for War and Colonies, and from 1812 to 1818, Secretary of State for Ireland. He took a hard-line approach to Ireland, such as suppressing the Catholic emancipation movement and establishing the Irish Constabulary, but during the famine of 1817, he overcame the crisis by establishing a relief fund and a grain distribution system. Later, as Home Secretary in both the Liverpool and Wellington cabinets (1822-1827, 1828-1830), he achieved reform of the Criminal Code, the establishment of the Metropolitan Police, the repeal of the Examination Act (1828), and the promulgation of the Catholic Emancipation Act (1829). In 1834, he formed a cabinet as leader of the Conservative Party, and issued the Tamworth Declaration, setting out the Conservative Party's policy, but the party collapsed the following year because it did not gain a majority in Parliament. He formed a cabinet again in 1841. During his term, he enacted the Peel Bank Act and passed the Corn Law Repeal Bill, his biggest task. (46) However, he faced strong opposition from within the Conservative Party and resigned from the cabinet. The Conservative Party split. He died in 1950 after being thrown out of office.

Peel
Peele, George

Born: Around 1556, London
[Died] c. 1596, London. English playwright and poet. One of the "university geniuses" from Oxford. Renowned as a lyric poet while still a student, he was active in many fields, including pastoral plays, historical plays, melodramas, tragedies, folk dramas, and outdoor plays. All of his plays were written for public theaters, except for the pastoral masque The Arraignment of Paris (1584), which was performed in front of Queen Elizabeth in 1581. His works include The Battle of Alcazar (94), Edward I (93), the satirical comedy The Old Wives Tale (95), and the tragedy The Love of King David and Fair Bethsabe (99).

Peel
Pire, Dominique Georges

Born: February 10, 1910, Dinant
Died January 30, 1969. A Dominican priest in Leuven, Belgium. From 1937 to 1947, he taught at the seminary of La Sarthe while working to relieve the poor. During World War II, he participated in the resistance movement. After the war, he tackled the refugee problem, and from 1949, he established relief organizations around the country, striving to realize positive peace through "fraternal dialogue." He founded the Mahatma Gandhi Peace Organisation (later the University of Peace) for the education of young people in Hoy, Belgium. From 1962, he realized the international community plan "Island of Peace" in Pakistan and India. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1958 for his work in helping refugees in Europe. His books include Bâtir la paix (Building Peace).

Peel
Peale, Charles Wilson

Born April 15, 1741 in Queen Anne's, Maryland
[Died] February 22, 1827. Philadelphia. American painter. Initially a saddler, clockmaker, and silversmith. He studied painting in London from 1766 and became a portrait painter, but returned to America and settled in Philadelphia in 1776. He painted portraits of many famous people, including George Washington. Of his 17 children, five of his sons became painters, and his brother James was also known as a painter. His sons and four daughters also became painters, producing many portraits and still lifes using realistic techniques.

Peel
Peale, Rembrandt

Born: February 22, 1778 in Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Died October 3, 1860. Philadelphia. American painter. Son of C.W. Peale, he entered the Royal Academy in London in 1803. From 1808 to 1810, he served as Napoleon's court painter in Paris, and in 1814 returned to the United States and founded the Peale Art Institute in Baltimore. From 1822 onwards, he worked as a portrait painter in New York, Boston and other cities. His brother, Raphael (1774-1825), was also a painter who specialized in still lifes.

Peel
Piles, Roger de

[Born] 1635. Clamcy
[Died] April 5, 1709. Paris. French painter and writer. As a diplomat, he came into contact with works of art in various places, and emphasized the imitation of nature in painting. In the debate between the School of Color (Rubens) and the School of Drawing (Poussin) at the Academie des Beaux-Arts, he played a leading role in the former, opposing Le Brun and leading the Rococo world of the 18th century. His main work is Cours de peinture par principes (1708).

Peel
pir

Meaning "old man" in Persian. Derived from the Middle Persian pīr (old). Roughly equivalent to the Arabic shaykh. In Iran, it generally refers to "elders" in various communities, and is used as a title of respect for spiritual leaders such as the heads and founders of religious organizations and sects.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1788.2.5. ランカシャー，ベリー
[没]1850.7.2. ロンドン
イギリスの政治家。オックスフォード大学を出て，1809年 21歳で下院議員，トーリー党所属。 10～12年陸軍および植民地次官，12～18年アイルランド相。アイルランドに対しては，カトリック教徒解放運動を鎮圧し，アイルランド警察隊を創設するなど，強硬策を行う反面，17年の飢饉の際は，救済用積立基金と穀物分配制度の実施によって危機を切抜けた。その後，リバプール，ウェリントン両内閣の内相 (1822～27，28～30) として，刑法改正，ロンドン警視庁の設置，審査法の廃止 (28) ，カトリック教徒解放法の発布 (29) などを実現させた。 34年保守党首領として内閣を組織，タムワース宣言を発して保守党の方針を示したが，議会の多数を得られずに翌年瓦解。 41年再度組閣。任期中ピール銀行条例を制定，さらに最大の課題であった穀物法撤廃法案を可決成立させた (46) 。このとき保守党内部の強い抵抗を受け，内閣を辞職。保守党は分裂。 50年落馬により死去。

ピール
Peele， George

[生]1556頃.ロンドン
[没]1596頃.ロンドン
イギリスの劇作家，詩人。オックスフォード出身の「大学出の才人」の一人。在学中から抒情詩人として名高く，牧歌劇，歴史劇，メロドラマ，悲劇，民話劇，野外劇と多方面に活躍。 1581年エリザベス女王の前で上演された牧歌的仮面劇『パリスの審判』 The Arraignment of Paris (1584) 以外はすべて公共劇場のために書いたもの。『アルカザールの戦い』 The Battle of Alcazar (94) ，『エドワード1世』 Edward I (93) ，風刺喜劇『老妻物語』 The Old Wives Tale (95) ，悲劇『ダビデ王とバテシバ』 The Love of King David and Fair Bethsabe (99) など。

ピール
Pire， Dominique Georges

[生]1910.2.10. ディナント
[没]1969.1.30. ルーバン
ベルギーのドミニコ会士。 1937～47年ラ・サルトの神学校で教えつつ貧民救済活動に従事。第2次世界大戦中は抵抗運動に参加。戦後難民問題と取組み，49年から救助機関を各地に設立し，「友愛の対話」による積極的平和の実現に努めた。ベルギーのホイに青年教育のための「マハトマ・ガンジー平和機構」 (のちの平和大学) を創立。 62年からパキスタン，インドで国際的共同体計画「平和の島」を実現した。ヨーロッパの難民救済によって 58年のノーベル平和賞を受賞。著書に『平和建設』 Bâtir la paixがある。

ピール
Peale， Charles Willson

[生]1741.4.15. メリーランド，クイーンアンズ
[没]1827.2.22. フィラデルフィア
アメリカの画家。初め馬具製造，時計屋，銀細工屋。 1766年からロンドンで絵を学び肖像画家となったが，アメリカに戻り 76年にフィラデルフィアに定住。 G.ワシントンなど多くの有名人の肖像画を描いた。彼の 17人の子供のうち5人の息子は画家となり，弟のジェームスも画家として知られた。その息子と4人の娘もいずれも画家となり写実的技法で多くの肖像画，静物画を描いた。

ピール
Peale， Rembrandt

[生]1778.2.22. ペンシルバニア，バックスカウンティ
[没]1860.10.3. フィラデルフィア
アメリカの画家。 C.W.ピールの子で，1803年にロンドンのロイヤル・アカデミーに入学。 08～10年にはパリでナポレオンの宮廷画家となり，14年に帰米してボルティモアにピール美術館を創設。 22年以後ニューヨーク，ボストンなどで肖像画家として活躍。兄のラファエル (1774～1825) も静物画を得意とする画家であった。

ピール
Piles， Roger de

[生]1635. クラムシー
[没]1709.4.5. パリ
フランスの画家，文筆家。外交官として各地で美術作品に触れ，絵画における自然模倣を強調。美術アカデミーを中心とする色彩 (ルーベンス) 派と素描 (プーサン) 派の論争で，前者の指導的役割をになってル・ブランと対立し，18世紀のロココ的世界を導いた。主著『原理に基づく絵画論』 Cours de peinture par principes (1708) 。

ピール
pīr

ペルシア語で「老人」の意。中世ペルシア語の pīr (年老いた) に由来する。アラビア語のシャイフとほぼ同義。一般にイランでは，種々の共同体内の「長老」をさし，特に宗教団体，宗派の長や創設者など精神的指導者に対する敬称として用いられた。

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