Opportunism - opportunism English

Japanese: 日和見主義 - ひよりみしゅぎ(英語表記)opportunism 英語
Opportunism - opportunism English

Generally speaking, it refers to an attitude of not being bound by any particular principles or rules, but rather waiting to see how things develop and taking whichever side is most convenient for oneself, and has the same meaning as opportunism, expediency, and convenience, and is often used in Marxist political movements and labor movements.

Around 1890, reformism rose in the socialist labor movement in Britain and France, and finally in Germany in 1896 Bernstein's revisionist theory, which rejected Marxism itself, was published, challenging Marxism in both practice and theory. Lenin criticized this challenge from the right as a new variety of opportunism in What is to be Done? (1902). Thereafter, theoretical activities and practices that went against the officially recognized Marxism in the international socialist labor movement came to be called opportunism in a critical sense. Until the time of the Russian Revolution, opportunism was primarily used as a synonym for reformism or revisionism, but after Lenin, in "Left-Wing" Infantilism in Communism (1920), criticized left-wing opportunism as an insurrectionary adventurism that does not realistically recognize and deal with the objective conditions of the revolution, but instead takes needlessly extreme actions based on subjective desires, all theoretical activities and practices on both the left and right that deviated from the officially recognized Marxism-Leninism came to be referred to as opportunism.

[An Seshu]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般的にいえば、一定の原理・原則にとらわれず、事の成り行きをうかがって、どちらでも自分の都合のよいほうにつこうとする態度をとることで、機会主義、御都合主義、便宜主義と同じ意味をもっており、マルクス主義的な政治運動や労働運動で多用されている。

 1890年を前後して、イギリスやフランスで社会主義労働運動において改良主義が台頭し、ついにドイツでも1896年にマルクス主義そのものを否認するベルンシュタインの修正主義論が発表されて、マルクス主義は実践と理論の両面において挑戦を受けた。こうした右からの挑戦を、レーニンは『なにをなすべきか?』(1902)で、日和見主義の新しい変種であると批判した。その後、国際社会主義労働運動において公認のマルクス主義に反する理論活動や実践は非難の意味を込めて日和見主義と称されるようになった。ロシア革命期まで日和見主義といえば、主として改良主義や修正主義と同義に用いられていたが、レーニンが『共産主義における「左翼」小児病』(1920)で、革命の客観的条件をリアルに認識して対処せず、主観的願望に基づいていたずらに過激な行動をとる一揆(いっき)的冒険主義を左翼日和見主義と批判したのち、公認のマルクス・レーニン主義から逸脱した左右の理論活動や実践はすべて日和見主義と称されるようになった。

[安 世舟]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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