Ritsuryo ge-shi (Lü-ling ge-shi)

Japanese: 律令格式 - りつりょうきゃくしき（英語表記）Lü-ling ge-shi

It can also be read as "Ritsuryo Kakushiki" or "Ritsurei Kakushiki". China's legal code system. From the Qin and Han dynasties to the end of the Qing dynasty, the Ritsuryo Code, which defined punishments, formed the core of statutory law, but from the Sui to Tang dynasties, four types of legal code systems, the Ritsuryo Code and the Kaku Code, were established. The Ritsuryo Code was the Criminal Code, which focused on the five punishments of whipping, caning, punishment, exile, and death, the Civil Service Disciplinary Code, the Ryo Code, the Organization Code, which was mainly about the government system and administrative regulations, the Administrative Code, and the Kaku Code, which was a codification of imperial edicts that should be established as permanent systems, and did not play the role of revising or adding to the Ritsuryo Code, and the Shiki Code was mainly about detailed rules of the Ryo Code. The national system from the Sui Kaihuang Ritsuryo Geshi (around 582) to the Tang Kaiyuan 25th year (737) Ritsuryo Geshi was regulated by this system, which included governing organizations such as prefectures, prefectures, townships, li, and even neighborhoods, as well as a system of exploitation organized into equal-field, tax and labor, and military service systems. It was a highly sophisticated system of public law governing a large empire through a bureaucratic organization. From the late Tang dynasty onwards, the emphasis shifted to imperial orders and statutes, and many Ling Geshi have been lost, with only the Tang Ritsuryo Sui and Song Xingtong, which have official annotations, remaining today. This Ritsuryo system had a great influence on neighboring countries (Goguryeo, Silla, Japan, Bohai, Goryeo, Vietnam, etc.).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

「りつりょうかくしき」「りつれいかくしき」とも読む。中国の法典体系。秦～漢以来清末までの刑罰を定めた律が制定法の中核をなしたが，隋～唐時代には律令格式の4種の法典体系が成立した。律は笞 (ち) ，杖 (じょう) ，徒 (ず) ，流 (る) ，死の5刑を中心とする刑法，官吏懲戒法，令は官制，行政法規を主体とする組織法，行政法，格は詔勅のなかで永制として定着すべきものを法典化したもので，律令に対し改訂，追加法の役割をにない，式は主として令の細則である。隋の開皇律令格式 (582頃) から唐の開元 25 (737) 年律令格式までの国制はこれによって規定され，州，県，郷，里以下隣保にいたる支配組織，均田，租・調役，府兵制にまとめられた収奪体制を内容とする。官僚機構を通じ大帝国を支配する公法の体系としては高度の完成を示した。唐代後期以降は勅，格に重点が移り，現在は公定注釈付きの『唐律疏議』『宋刑統』などが伝存するだけで，令格式は多く散逸した。この律令制度は周辺諸国 (高句麗，新羅，日本，渤海，高麗，越南など) にまで大きな影響を与えた。

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