Henbane - Henbane (English spelling)

Japanese: ヒヨス - ひよす(英語表記)henbane
Henbane - Henbane (English spelling)

A biennial plant of the nightshade family (APG classification: Solanaceae). Sometimes it becomes an annual plant. It is distributed in Europe, North Africa, and India, and cultivated in temperate regions. The stem is erect, 80-140 cm tall, and sparsely branched. The stem is densely covered with sticky, soft hairs. The leaves are alternate, and the lower leaves are large and stalked, reaching 30 cm in length and 10 cm in width, while the upper leaves are small and stalkless. The leaves are long-ovate, shallowly pinnately lobed, and densely covered with sticky, soft hairs. The flowers are borne in the upper leaf axils, have short stalks, and bloom sideways in early summer. The urn-shaped, dirty yellow corolla is about 2 cm in diameter, opens into five lobes at the tip, and has purple veins. The center is purple. The calyx is shallowly lobed at the tip, and after flowering, it grows to 3 cm in length and 2 cm in width, enclosing the fruit. The fruit contains many grey-brown seeds (sometimes up to 500).

The whole plant contains alkaloids, but it is the leaves that are used medicinally, containing about 0.07% of alkaloids, mainly hyoscyamine. It is used as an analgesic and antispasmodic to treat asthma attacks and morphine poisoning. The variety distributed in China is var. chinensis Makino, and its Chinese name is 'Roto' (meaning insanity) because taking its seeds makes people lose their minds. The herbalist Ono Ranzan of the Edo period used this as the Chinese name for the Japanese Hyoscyamus hyoscyamus, and the rhizome of Hyoscyamus hyoscyamus is still called 'Roto root' today. The leaves of Egyptian Hyoscyamus muticus L., which is distributed in Egypt, Arabia, and Iran, are chewed in Arabia as a narcotic intoxicant.

[Motoo Nagasawa July 16, 2021]

[Reference] | Ono Ranzan

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ナス科(APG分類:ナス科)の二年草。ときに一年草となる。ヨーロッパ、北アフリカ、インドに分布し、温帯で栽培されている。茎は高さ80~140センチメートルで直立し、まばらに枝分れする。茎には粘着性のある長軟毛が密生する。葉は互生し、下部の葉には柄があって大きく、長さ30センチメートル、幅10センチメートルに達するが、上部の葉は小さく柄はない。葉は長卵形で浅く羽状に裂け、粘着性のある長軟毛を密生する。花は上部の葉腋(ようえき)につき、短い柄があり、初夏になると横に向いて咲く。壺(つぼ)状、汚黄色の花冠は径約2センチメートルで、先は5裂して開き、紫色の脈をもつ。中心部は紫色である。萼(がく)は先が浅く5裂し、花後は増大して長さ3センチメートル、幅2センチメートルとなり、果実を包む。果実は灰褐色の種子を多数(ときには500個ほど)もつ。

 植物全体にアルカロイドを含むが、薬に用いるのは葉で、ヒヨスチアミンを主とするアルカロイドを約0.07%含む。鎮痛、鎮けい剤として喘息(ぜんそく)の発作、モルヒネ中毒などの治療に用いる。中国に分布するのはこの変種であるシナヒヨスvar. chinensis Makinoで、この種子を服用すると正気を失ったようになることから漢名を莨菪(ろうとう)(狂気のさまの意)という。江戸時代の本草(ほんぞう)学者小野蘭山(らんざん)が日本のハシリドコロの漢名にこれをあてたため、現在でもハシリドコロの根茎をロート根と称している。エジプト、アラビア、イランに分布するエジプトヒヨスH. muticus L.の葉をアラビアでは麻酔性酩酊(めいてい)剤として噛(か)んでいる。

[長沢元夫 2021年7月16日]

[参照項目] | 小野蘭山

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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