Skin cancer - hifugan (English spelling) skin cancer

Japanese: 皮膚癌 - ひふがん(英語表記)skin cancer
Skin cancer - hifugan (English spelling) skin cancer

Although it is an epithelial malignant tumor that occurs on the skin, in the broad sense it also includes malignant melanoma and sarcoma. Representative examples include squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, as well as skin adnexal carcinoma (sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, hair follicle carcinoma).

The skin is composed of the epidermis and skin appendage epithelium as well as melanocytes, dermal connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, arrector pili muscles, nerves, and reticular lymphatic cells, and it is believed that the application of some kind of carcinogenic stimuli to these components, either internally or externally, usually results in malignant proliferation of each component alone, or sometimes of two or more simultaneously, resulting in the development of a wide variety of malignant skin tumors. It is well known that experimental research into cancer began in 1915 (Taisho 4) when Yamagiwa Katsusaburo and Ichikawa Koichi discovered tar-induced skin cancer using rabbit ear skin. Since then, carcinogenesis experiments have been attempted using a series of chemicals such as methylcholanthrene, and a great deal has been revealed about skin carcinogenesis in experimental animals.

Some lesions that are likely to develop into skin cancer are called skin cancer precursors, and representative examples include actinic keratosis (senile keratosis), Bowen's disease, leukoplakia (white keratosis), erythroplakia, radiation keratosis, thermal keratosis, tar-pitch keratosis, and arsenic keratosis. These are characterized by the presence of histological signs of intraepithelial carcinoma (precursor to cancer in the narrow sense). On the other hand, in the broad sense, precursor to skin cancer refers to diseases that do not show malignant signs themselves but have a high probability of developing into skin cancer. These include various cicatricial lesions, chronic radiation dermatitis, chronic tar-pitch dermatitis, xeroderma pigmentosum, epidermodysplasia verruciformis, organoid nevus (sebaceous nevus), senile skin, chronic arsenic poisoning, and organ transplants and AIDS.

[Shigeo Ikeda]

Squamous cell carcinoma

It is the second most common type of skin cancer in Japanese people after basal cell carcinoma. It is a malignant tumor caused by the canceration of the main cells (keratinocytes) that make up the epidermis, and histologically it shows some tendency to keratinize. It has the ability to cause local destruction and metastasis. It occurs frequently in people in their 40s to 70s, with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1, and is often seen in exposed areas such as the face, neck, and back of the hand.

It starts as a small papule or nodule, grows outward and deeper, and when it ulcerates it emits a peculiar foul odor (murderous smell). The prognosis is worse for those that show deep growth than for those that show exophytic growth, and the prognosis is even worse when there is infiltration into the underlying muscle and bone tissue, or when there is extensive lymph node metastasis.

Histologically, there are specific types in which the tumor nests show pseudoglandular or acantholytic findings, and in which the tumor cells show a spindle shape. Differentiation from adenocarcinoma in the former case and from fibrosarcoma in the latter case is problematic.

Carcinogenic factors that cause squamous cell carcinoma include sunlight (ultraviolet rays), burns, scarring from trauma, radiation dermatitis, human papilloma virus (HPV), and chemical carcinogens.

Compared to Japanese people, Western Caucasians are more likely to develop this disease on areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, and backs of the hands. This is thought to be because Caucasian skin has little melanin pigment and has a low ability to protect against ultraviolet rays. Meanwhile, in Japanese people, until around the 1970s and 1980s, burn scar cancer and radiation skin cancer were common on the haired head and lower limbs, but since the mid-1980s, there has been an increase in cases of squamous cell carcinoma resulting from actinic keratosis in exposed areas such as the face and backs of the hands. The fact that the Japanese are now the world's most aging society is also a factor in this.

Since 1974, when it was pointed out that fluorocarbons were depleting the stratospheric ozone layer and that this could have an adverse effect on humans and the ecosystem, international measures to regulate the use of fluorocarbons have been taken on a global scale. In 1992, actual measurements of ozone depletion were shown not only in polar regions but also in mid- and high-latitude areas in the north and south. It is feared that the depletion of ozone in the stratosphere (destruction of the ozone layer) caused by fluorocarbons will increase the amount of mid-wavelength ultraviolet light, which is highly capable of damaging DNA, among the ultraviolet rays from sunlight that reach the earth, and thus lead to an increase in the incidence of skin cancer. It is said that a 1% decrease in ozone increases the incidence of spinous cell carcinoma by 6%, basal cell carcinoma by 3.6%, and malignant melanoma by 1-2%.

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are also attracting attention as carcinogenic factors. HPV16 and HPV18 are closely involved in the development of vulvar and cervical cancer, and epidermodysplasia verruciformis, known to be caused by infection with many DNA types of HPV including HPV5, often develops squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, Bowen's disease, etc. in the lesions of sun-exposed areas.

Chemical substances known to be involved in the development of squamous cell carcinoma include arsenic compounds, tar, mineral oil, etc. Arsenic can enter the human body from agricultural chemicals, mines, toxic gas production, groundwater contamination, medicines (Forel Water, Asia Maru), etc., causing chronic arsenic poisoning, which can lead to squamous cell carcinoma and other conditions from palmoplantar keratosis and Bowen's disease or arsenic keratosis of the trunk and limbs, and even lung cancer.

The following are similar diseases to squamous cell carcinoma:

(1) Verrucous carcinoma This is considered to be a subtype of squamous cell carcinoma, and appears as a raised nodule. It grows locally but rarely metastasizes. Depending on the location, it is also called oral florid papillomatosis (from the corners of the mouth to inside the oral cavity), giant condyloma acuminatum (vulva), epithelioma cuniculatum (sole of the foot), etc.

(2) Keratoacanthoma (keratoacanthoma) It occurs most frequently on the face of middle-aged people or older. It appears as a round, dome-shaped, dark red nodule up to about 2 cm in diameter. It grows rapidly, but keratinization begins from the center, and in most cases it heals naturally over the course of several months. Some consider it to be a pseudocancer, while others consider it to be a specific type of squamous cell carcinoma.

The three main treatments are surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, with cryotherapy also being used. Chemotherapy uses anticancer drugs such as peplomycin (PEP), mitomycine C (MMC), cis-diamine-dichloroplatinum (CDDP), and adriamycin (ADM) in the form of PEP monotherapy, PM therapy, or CA therapy. In cases where regional lymph node metastasis is present, radical lymph node dissection and post-irradiation with electron beams are used in combination with chemotherapy.

[Shigeo Ikeda]

Basal cell carcinoma

This is the most common type of skin cancer. It is a malignant tumor that is highly locally destructive but has very low metastatic potential. The origin of the tumor cells is unclear, but they resemble the basal cells of the epidermis and skin appendages.

More than 80% of cases occur in the hairy skin of the face. They are particularly prevalent in the midline of the face, often coinciding with the fetal facial cleft line. Most patients are over 40 years old, and the incidence increases with age. There is no gender predilection. In Japanese patients, many cases (over 85%) are black, and differentiation from malignant melanoma is often problematic. On the other hand, cases lacking melanin pigment must be differentiated from senile sebaceous hyperplasia and molluscum contagiosum (warts).

Although ultraviolet rays from sunlight are considered to be an important factor in the development of basal cell carcinoma, the areas that are highly exposed to sunlight do not necessarily coincide with the areas where basal cell carcinoma develops. There is no correlation between the development of actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma. The influence of sunlight on the development of basal cell carcinoma cannot be denied, but it is much less than that on squamous cell carcinoma.

Basal cell carcinoma is clinically classified into (1) nodular/ulcerative type, (2) morphea type, (3) superficial type, and (4) other types, but the clinical appearance is extremely diverse. In the morphea type, the border is often somewhat unclear, so histological examination is essential. The diagnosis of the superficial type is relatively easy, but dermatoscopy (an examination in which jelly is applied to the affected area and the skin is observed in detail with a 10x magnifying glass) can reveal a very characteristic pineal or petal-shaped pigment pattern.

In cases of xeroderma pigmentosum, organoid nevus, chronic radiation dermatitis, epidermodysplasia verruciformis, and basal cell nevus syndrome, basal cell carcinomas are often seen to occur multiple times at a young age. Basal cell nevus syndrome is autosomal dominant, and in addition, various symptoms such as small pits on the palms and soles, mandibular cysts, and skeletal abnormalities (abnormal spine, bifid ribs, etc.) are seen. In 1996, it was discovered that the causative gene for this disease is located on chromosome 9 (9q22.3-q31).

Surgery is the first choice of treatment. Complete resection in the early stages is most desirable. As the eyes, nose, and mouth are common sites of the disease, if it recurs or spreads deeply, extensive plastic surgery will be necessary. For superficial lesions, bleomycin ointment and 5-fluorouracil ointment (5-FU) occlusive therapy are also effective. For systemic chemotherapy, a combination of cisplatin and adriamycin is effective and is used in advanced cases. Other treatments include cryotherapy, radiation therapy, and chemosurgery.

[Shigeo Ikeda]

[References] | malignant melanoma | Ichikawa Koichi | ozone layer | xeroderma pigmentosum | sarcoma | arsenic poisoning | skin | sunburn | nevus syndrome | Yamagiwa Katsusaburo

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

皮膚に生じた上皮性悪性腫瘍(しゅよう)をさすが、広義には悪性黒色腫malignant melanomaや肉腫sarcomaなども含まれる。代表的なものとして、有棘(ゆうきょく)細胞癌squamous cell carcinoma、基底細胞癌basal cell carcinomaがあり、そのほかに皮膚付属器癌(汗腺癌、脂腺癌、毛包癌)がある。

 皮膚は、表皮および皮膚付属器上皮をはじめ、メラノサイト、真皮結合織、血管、リンパ管、起毛筋、神経、細網リンパ系細胞などにより構成されており、これらになんらかの発癌刺激が内因あるいは外因として加わることにより、通例、各構成要素が単独に、ときには二つ以上が同時に悪性増殖をきたし、多種多様な皮膚悪性腫瘍が発生するものと考えられている。癌の実験的研究は、1915年(大正4)山極(やまぎわ)勝三郎と市川厚一によるウサギの耳の皮膚を用いたタール皮膚癌に始まったことは有名で、その後もメチルコラントレンなど一連の化学物質を用いた発癌実験が試みられ、実験動物の皮膚発癌に関してはかなりのことが明らかとなっている。

 皮膚癌に変わりやすい一部の病変は、皮膚癌前駆症とよばれ、その代表的なものとして日光角化症(老人性角化症)、ボーエン病、白板症(白色角化症)、紅色肥厚症、放射線角化症、温熱性角化症、タール・ピッチ角化症、ヒ素角化症などがある。これらでは組織学的上皮内癌の所見が認められることが特徴である(狭義の癌前駆症)。一方、広義の皮膚癌前駆症では、それ自体悪性所見は認められないが、皮膚癌を生ずる確率が高い疾患をさす。種々の瘢痕(はんこん)性病変、慢性放射線皮膚炎、慢性タール・ピッチ皮膚炎、色素性乾皮症、疣贅(ゆうぜい)状表皮発育異常症、類器官母斑(ぼはん)(脂腺母斑)、老人皮膚、慢性ヒ素中毒などのほかに、臓器移植を受けた場合、エイズなどがあげられる。

[池田重雄]

有棘細胞癌

日本人では基底細胞癌に次いで多くみられる皮膚癌。表皮を構成する主要な細胞(ケラチノサイト)の癌化によって生ずる悪性腫瘍で、組織学上、多少角化傾向を呈する。局所破壊能と転移能を有する。40~70歳代に頻発し、男女比は2対1で、顔面、頸(けい)部、手背などの露出部位に多くみられる。

 最初は小丘疹(しょうきゅうしん)ないし小結節として始まり、外方および深部へ向かって増大し、潰瘍(かいよう)化すると独特な悪臭(癌臭)を放つ。外方増殖性を示すものより深達性増殖を示すほうが予後が悪く、とくに下床の筋肉、骨組織内への浸潤がみられる場合、またリンパ節転移が高度なものでは、いっそう予後が悪くなる。

 組織学的に、特異な型を示すものとして、腫瘍巣が偽腺(ぎせん)様、棘融解様の所見を示すもの、腫瘍細胞が紡錘型を示すものなどがあり、前者では腺癌、後者では線維肉腫との鑑別が問題となる。

 有棘細胞癌の発癌因子として、日光(紫外線)、熱傷、外傷などの瘢痕状態、放射線皮膚炎、ヒト乳頭腫ウイルス(HPV)、化学発癌物質などが知られている。

 欧米白人では、日本人に比べて、顔面、頸部、手背などの日光露出部位に頻発するものが多くみられる。白人皮膚ではメラニン色素に乏しく、紫外線を防御する機能が低いためと考えられている。一方、日本人では、1970~80年ごろまでは、被髪頭部や下肢などに熱傷瘢痕癌、放射線皮膚癌が多くみられていたが、1980年代中ごろより、日本人でも日光角化症由来の有棘細胞癌を、顔面、手背などの露出部位にみる症例が増えてきている。なお、日本人では世界一の高齢化社会への突入もこれに関与している。

 1974年に、フロンガスによる成層圏のオゾン量減少と、その結果として人間および生態系への影響が生ずる可能性が指摘されて以来、地球規模でフロン類使用規制の国際的な対策がとられつつある。92年には極地域だけではなく、南北中高緯度のオゾン減少が実測値として示されている。フロン類による成層圏のオゾン量の減少(オゾン層の破壊)は、地上に到達する日光紫外線のうちでも、DNA傷害能の高い中波長紫外線を増加させるため、皮膚癌の発生増加を招くものと危惧(きぐ)されている。オゾン量の1%減少が有棘細胞癌の発生率を6%、基底細胞癌では3.6%、悪性黒色腫では1~2%増加させるといわれている。

 ヒト乳頭腫ウイルス(HPV)も発癌因子として注目されている。外陰部癌や子宮頸癌の発生にはHPV16、HPV18などが密接に関与しており、またHPV5をはじめとする多数のDNA型のHPVが感染することで知られる疣贅状表皮発育異常症では、日光露出部位の病巣上に有棘細胞癌、基底細胞癌、ボーエン病などがたびたび発生する。

 有棘細胞癌発生に関与する化学物質としては、ヒ素化合物、タール類、鉱物油などが知られている。ヒ素については、農薬をはじめ、鉱山、毒ガス製造、地下水汚染、医薬品(フォーレル水、アジア丸)などから人体に入り、慢性ヒ素中毒を生じ、掌蹠(しょうしょ)角化症や体幹・四肢のボーエン病ないしヒ素角化症から有棘細胞癌などが発生し、さらに肺癌の発生がみられるようになる。

 有棘細胞癌の類症としては次のようなものがある。

(1)疣状癌 有棘細胞癌の一亜型と考えられるもので、隆起性結節としてみられ、局所では増大するが転移を生ずることはほとんどみられない。部位によりoral florid papillomatosis(口角から口腔(こうくう)内)、giant condyloma acuminatum(外陰部)、epithelioma cuniculatum(足底)などともよばれている。

(2)ケラトアカントーマ(角化性棘細胞腫) 中年以上の顔面に好発。直径2センチメートル程度までの円形、ドーム状に隆起する暗紅色結節としてみられる。急速に増大するが、中央部から角化しはじめ、多くは数か月の経過で自然治癒する。偽癌とみなすものと、有棘細胞癌の一特異型と考える立場とがある。

 治療は、手術、放射線、化学療法の三つが主流をなし、凍結療法も行われる。化学療法にはペプロマイシンpeplomycin(略号PEP)、マイトマイシンC mitomycine c(略号MMC)、シスプラチンcis-diamine-dichloroplatinum(略号CDDP)、アドリアマイシンadriamycin(略号ADM)などの制癌剤がPEP単独療法、P‐M療法、C‐A療法の型で用いられる。領域リンパ節転移のある場合には、根治的リンパ節廓清(かくせい)、電子線の後照射と化学療法を併用する。

[池田重雄]

基底細胞癌

もっとも高頻度にみられる皮膚癌。局所破壊性は強いが、転移能のきわめて低い悪性腫瘍である。腫瘍細胞の由来は明確ではないが、表皮および皮膚付属器の基底細胞に類似している。

 80%以上が顔面有毛部皮膚に発生する。ことに顔面正中部に好発し、胎生期の顔裂線に一致して多くみられる。ほとんどが40歳以上であり、高齢になるにつれその頻度が高くなる。性差はみられない。日本人では黒色を呈するものが多く(85%以上)、悪性黒色腫との鑑別がたびたび問題となる。一方、メラニン色素を欠くものでは、老人性脂腺増殖症、伝染性軟属腫(みずいぼ)との鑑別が必要となる。

 日光紫外線が基底細胞癌発症の重要な因子とされているが、日光照射を強く受ける部位と基底細胞癌の発生部位とがかならずしも一致しない。日光角化症と基底細胞癌との間には発生相関がみられない。基底細胞癌の発生に日光の影響は否定できないが、有棘細胞癌に対するそれよりは、はるかに少ない。

 基底細胞癌は臨床上、(1)結節・潰瘍型、(2)斑状強皮症(モルフェア)型、(3)表在型、(4)そのほかの型、に分類されるが、その臨床像はきわめて多彩である。斑状強皮症型では境界がやや不明瞭なことが多く、組織学的検討が必須(ひっす)となる。表在型の診断は比較的容易であるが、デルマトスコピー(病変部にゼリーをつけて10倍の皮膚拡大鏡で詳細に観察する検査)できわめて特徴的な松葉型・花弁型色素パターンをみることができる。

 色素性乾皮症、類器官母斑、慢性放射線皮膚炎、疣贅状表皮発育異常症、基底細胞母斑症候群では、基底細胞癌が若年齢から多発してみられることが多い。基底細胞母斑症候群は常染色体性優性で、加えて掌蹠の小陥凹(pits)、下顎嚢腫(かがくのうしゅ)、骨格系の異常(脊椎(せきつい)の形態異常、二分肋骨その他)など多様な症状を示す。なお、1996年、本症の原因遺伝子は9番染色体上(9q22.3~q31)に座位することが明らかとなった。

 治療は手術療法が第一選択である。初期における完全切除がもっとも望まれる。眼、鼻、口などが好発部位なので、再発性・深達性となると、かなりの規模の形成手術が必要となる。表在性病巣には局所化学療法として、ブレオマイシン軟膏(なんこう)、5‐フルオロウラシル軟膏(5‐FU)密封療法も有効である。全身性化学療法として、シスプラチンとアドリアマイシンとの併用が有効であり、進行期症例に用いられる。そのほかに凍結療法、放射線療法、化学外科療法などがある。

[池田重雄]

[参照項目] | 悪性黒色腫 | 市川厚一 | オゾン層 | 色素性乾皮症 | 肉腫 | ヒ素中毒 | 皮膚 | 日焼け | 母斑症 | 山極勝三郎

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