Hinenosho

This was a manor owned by the Kujo family in Hinegun, Izumi Province, and is now part of Izumisano City, Osaka Prefecture. It was established by official decree in 1234 (Bunreki 1). Prior to this, there had been a movement by monk Ban'a and others to make this area part of Mount Koya's territory, but this did not come to fruition. During the period of its establishment, the manor consisted of four villages: Tsuruhara, Ihara, Hineno, and Iriyamada, and the current cultivated fields of each village ranged from around 10 to over 36 cho. Hineno and Iriyamada villages had a combined total of 38 zaike (residential residences), and several wells and ponds are known to exist. The biggest issue for Hine-sho during the Kamakura period was the development of wilderness areas to open up farmland, and in 1309 (Enkei 2) the Kujo family carried out a comprehensive survey of Hine-sho, aiming to promote development and grasp the wilderness areas.

The "Map of Hineno Village," created in 1316 (Showa 5), ​​tells us a lot. The amount of rice paddies had increased to 33 cho, nearly three times what it was at the time of the establishment of the manor. However, most of the central plateau of the Kashii River alluvial fan was wilderness covering an area of ​​60 cho, and it is known that small-scale development of this wilderness was carried out by the peasants of the manor. It is particularly noteworthy that the rice paddies were inseparably linked to the reservoir ponds scattered around the foot of the mountain, and that Saka people were found to have been the builders of the ponds. As a result of the shogunate's half-tax policy, the villages of Hineno and Iriyamada, which were inherited as the land of the Kujo family during the Muromachi period, developed into a village community with a banto system, with several influential farmers from the village acting as banto (clerks) and directing the management of the so-son village. The contracts for the Junitanishimoike Irrigation System dated 1431 (Eikyo 3) and 1446 (Bun'an 3) are contracts for the distribution of pond water between the villagers of Hineno, Ibara, and Danbaramitsuji, which had different lords at the time, and they clearly show the image of a soson village dominated by the villagers. The lord of the manor, Kujo Masamoto, went down to Hineno Manor in March 1501 (Bunki 1) and stayed there until December 1504 (Eisho 1), engaging in direct governance. His diary "Tabihikitsuke" from this period is a good source of information for understanding village life at the time, the movements of the shugo power and Negoro Temple. Although the area had lost its real status as Kujo's domain by the first half of the 16th century, this area also provides an example of the path from a medieval village with a keeper system to a village in the early modern period.

[Mutsumi Tanuma]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

和泉(いずみ)国日根郡にあった九条(くじょう)家領荘園で、現在の大阪府泉佐野市の一部にあたる。1234年（文暦1）の官宣旨(かんせんじ)によって立荘された。この地域は、これ以前鑁阿上人(ばんあしょうにん)などによる高野山(こうやさん)領化の運動もあったが、実現しなかった。立荘期の当荘は、鶴原(つるはら)、井原(いはら)、日根野、入山田(いりやまだ)の4か村からなっており、各村の現作田(げんさくでん)は10町前後から36町余であった。日根野・入山田両村については、在家(ざいけ)数あわせて38宇、井や池など数か所の存在も知られる。鎌倉時代の日根荘にとっての最大の課題は、荒野の開発による開田で、1309年（延慶2）九条家は日根荘惣検注(そうけんちゅう)を実施し、開発の推進と荒野の把握を目ざした。

　1316年（正和5）に作成された「日根野村絵図」は多くのことを語る。水田は立荘期の3倍近い33町余に増加した。しかし樫井(かしい)川扇状地の中央台地の大部分は60町余の荒野で、この荒野の小規模開発が荘内百姓層によって行われた事実が知られる。山裾(すそ)を中心に点在する溜池(ためいけ)と水田が不可分の関係にあったことや、池の築造者として坂の者がみいだされることなどとくに注目される。幕府の半済(はんぜい)政策の結果、室町期、九条家領として継承した日根野・入山田両村は、惣的結合のもと、村内の有力農民数人が番頭(ばんとう)となり、惣村の運営を指導していく番頭制村落として展開していった。1431年（永享3）、46年（文安3）の十二谷下池用水(じゅうにたにしもいけようすい)契約状は、当時領主を異にした日根野・井原・檀波羅密寺(だんばらみつじ)3か村村人による池水配分の契約状であり、ここに村人を主体とした惣村の姿がよく示されている。荘園領主九条政基(まさもと)は、1501年（文亀1）3月、日根荘に下向して04年（永正1）12月まで在荘し、直接支配に従事した。この間の日記『旅引付(たびひきつけ)』は、当時の村落生活、守護勢力や根来(ねごろ)寺の動向などをとらえる好材料である。16世紀前半までに九条家領としての実体は失われるが、当地域は中世番頭制村落から近世村落への道筋をたどる一事例も提供している。

［田沼　睦］

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