Spleen

Japanese: 脾臓 - ひぞう
Spleen

It is also called the spleen. It is an organ located between the diaphragm and the left kidney in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity, at the height of the 9th to 11th ribs. It is an oval plate overall, and in the case of Japanese people, it is about 10 cm long, 7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, and weighs 80 to 150 grams. In general, women's spleens are lighter than men's. The spleen is rich in blood vessels, so it appears dark purple. The posterior surface is slightly convex and contacts the diaphragm, and is called the diaphragmatic surface. The anterior surface faces the abdominal cavity, and is called the visceral surface because it is in contact with the fundus of the stomach, left kidney, and left colonic flexure. The splenic hilum, through which the splenic artery, vein, and nerves enter and exit, is located almost in the center of the visceral surface. The stomach surface is located in front of the splenic hilum, and the kidney surface is located behind it. At the lower end of the gastric and renal surfaces is the colonic surface, where the left colonic flexure and the tail of the pancreas come into contact. The entire surface of the spleen, except for the hilum, is covered by a serosa, which is a continuation of the peritoneum. Inside the serosa is a fibrous membrane made of connective tissue. The serosa and fibrous membrane together are called the splenic capsule. From the inner surface of the fibrous membrane, connective tissue enters the interior of the spleen in a cord-like form, and this cord-like tissue is called the splenic trabeculae. The splenic trabeculae branch out within the splenic parenchyma, forming a network with each other. The arteries entering the spleen branch out through the splenic trabeculae. The inside of the network of the splenic trabeculae is filled with the splenic pulp.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Splenic pulp

The splenic pulp has two structures: the white pulp and the red pulp. The white pulp is lymphatic tissue, and appears whitish because its basic structure is reticular tissue (reticular cells and reticular fibers). Within the white pulp are splenic lymph nodules (groups of lymphocytes, also called Malpighian corpuscles after the Italian anatomist M. Malpighi) with a diameter of 0.2 to 0.7 mm. The lymphocytes within these lymph nodules are B lymphocytes, which become immune antibody-producing cells. A branch of an artery that branches off from the splenic trabecula passes through the center of the splenic lymph nodule, called the central artery. The central artery is surrounded by lymphatic tissue that forms a sheath around the artery, and the lymphocytes within it are mainly T lymphocytes. T lymphocytes are involved in cellular immunity, and proliferate and become activated in response to antigen stimulation. The red pulp refers to the parts of the spleen other than the white pulp; it is rich in blood vessels and appears reddish brown. The red pulp is composed of the sinuses, which are venous sinusoids, and the cords (reticular tissue) that fill the spaces between them. The sinuses are 20-50 micrometers wide and run in a tortuous manner. There are relatively wide gaps between the endothelial cells that make up the walls of the sinuses, allowing blood cells (especially red blood cells) to pass freely. Blood remains in the red pulp for a relatively long time, during which time it captures and disposes of foreign substances in the blood, as well as processing aged and destroyed red blood cells.

In addition to red blood cells, plasma cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, etc. are present in the meshes of the reticular tissue of the splenic cord. Macrophages, also called spleen cells, actively phagocytose and ingest aged red blood cells and destroyed blood cell components. Macrophages also contain yellowish-brown hemosiderin, which is transported to the liver and becomes the material for synthesizing bile pigments. In humans, the spleen is a hematopoietic organ that produces red blood cells and other blood cells during fetal development, but after birth, it only produces lymphocytes, which are produced in the white pulp. The red pulp is a reservoir for blood, but during heavy bleeding, exercise, or mental stress, the spleen contracts and releases the stored blood. Splenic diseases, especially those caused by malaria, typhoid, and leukemia, can cause splenomegaly. A well-known example is the giant splenomegaly of Banti's disease (named after the Italian physician G. Banti).

In addition, the spleen that has long been included in the "five internal organs and six bowels" of traditional Chinese medicine refers to the pancreas, which is different from the modern spleen. The word "pancreas" first appeared as a translation when Genpaku Sugita and others created "Kaitai Shinsho."

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Location of the spleen
©Shogakukan ">

Location of the spleen

Relationship of the spleen to other organs
©Shogakukan ">

Relationship of the spleen to other organs

Schematic cross-section of the spleen
©Shogakukan ">

Schematic cross-section of the spleen


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

脾ともいう。腹腔(ふくくう)の左上部の横隔膜と左腎臓(じんぞう)との間に位置する臓器で、第9~第11肋骨(ろっこつ)の高さとなる。全体として楕円(だえん)板状で、日本人の場合、長さ約10センチメートル、幅約7センチメートル、厚さ約3センチメートル、重さ80~150グラムである。一般に女性のほうが男性に比べて軽い。脾臓は血管に富むため、外見上は暗紫色を呈している。後面はやや凸面で横隔膜に接し、これを横隔面という。前面は腹腔に面し、胃底、左腎、左結腸曲などが接触していることから、これを内臓面という。内臓面のほぼ中央部に脾動・静脈、神経が出入する脾門があり、この脾門の部分を境にして前方に胃面、後方に腎面がある。胃面と腎面との下端には左結腸曲や膵臓(すいぞう)尾部(膵尾)が接触する結腸面がある。脾門の部分を除いた脾臓の全面は、腹膜の続きである漿膜(しょうまく)に包まれている。漿膜の内側には結合組織からなる線維膜がある。漿膜と線維膜とをあわせて脾被膜とよぶ。線維膜の内面からは脾臓の内部に向かって結合組織が索状に進入するが、この索状組織を脾柱(ひちゅう)とよぶ。脾柱は脾実質内で分岐しながら互いに網の目をつくっている。脾臓に入る動脈は脾柱の中を通って分岐していく。この脾柱の網の目の内部を満たしているのが脾髄(ひずい)である。

[嶋井和世]

脾髄

脾髄には白(はく)脾髄と赤(せき)脾髄とよばれる構造がある。白脾髄はリンパ組織で、細網組織(細網細胞と細網線維)が基本の構造となっているため、白っぽくみえる。白脾髄の中には直径0.2~0.7ミリメートルの脾リンパ小節(リンパ球の集団で、イタリアの解剖学者マルピーギM. Malpighiにちなみマルピーギ小体ともいう)がある。このリンパ小節内のリンパ球はBリンパ球で、免疫(めんえき)抗体産生細胞となる。脾リンパ小節の中心には脾柱内から分かれてきた動脈の枝が通り、これを中心動脈とよぶ。中心動脈の周囲には動脈を鞘(しょう)状に取り囲んでいるリンパ組織があり、この中のリンパ球は主としてTリンパ球である。Tリンパ球は細胞性免疫に関与しており、抗原の刺激に反応して増殖し、活性化する。赤脾髄とは白脾髄以外の部分をいい、血管に富み、外見的にも赤褐色にみえる。赤脾髄は静脈性洞様血管である脾洞と、その間を埋めている脾索(細網組織)とで構成されている。脾洞の太さは20~50マイクロメートルで、迂曲(うきょく)して走っている。脾洞の壁をつくっている内皮細胞相互の間には比較的広い間隙(かんげき)があり、血球(とくに赤血球)が自由に通過する。血液は赤脾髄の中で比較的長く停留するが、その間に血液中の異物をとらえて処分するほか、老化し、破壊された赤血球を処理する。

 脾索の細網組織の網の目の中には赤血球のほか、形質細胞、大食(たいしょく)細胞、リンパ球などが存在する。大食細胞は脾細胞ともよばれ、活発な食作用を行い、老化赤血球、破壊された血球成分などを取り込む。また、大食細胞は黄褐色のヘモジデリンを含んでいるが、このヘモジデリンは肝臓に運ばれると胆汁色素を生合成する材料となる。ヒトの場合、脾臓は胎生期には造血器官として赤血球や他の血球を生産するが、生後は白脾髄で行われるリンパ球の生産だけとなる。赤脾髄は血液の貯留所であるが、多量の出血や運動時、あるいは精神的緊張時には、脾臓は収縮して貯蔵中の血液を放出する。脾臓の疾患では、とくにマラリア、腸チフス、白血病などにかかったとき、脾腫(ひしゅ)のおこることがある。よく知られているのが、バンチ病(イタリアの医師バンチG. Bantiにちなむ)の巨大脾腫である。

 なお、古くから漢方医学の「五臓六腑(ごぞうろっぷ)」に含められた脾とは膵臓のことで、現在の脾臓とは異なっている。膵臓の語は、杉田玄白(げんぱく)らが『解体新書』をつくったとき初めて訳語として登場したものである。

[嶋井和世]

脾臓の部位
©Shogakukan">

脾臓の部位

脾臓と他の臓器との関係
©Shogakukan">

脾臓と他の臓器との関係

脾臓の断面模式図
©Shogakukan">

脾臓の断面模式図


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