A type of stone tower made in the Middle Ages, also known as a slab stone stupa. The first known example is one with an inscription dated 1227 in Sugahiro, Kumagaya City, Saitama Prefecture. It was most popular during the Nanboku-cho and Muromachi periods, disappearing in the 17th century. They are found all over the country, from Kyushu and Shikoku to Tohoku and Hokkaido, but the most well-known are those made from bluestone (chlorite schist) from Chichibu in the Kanto region. Bluestone is easy to peel off into slabs and process, so many of them are artistically excellent, with intricate carvings applied to thin, monument-like stones. The name "itabi" (stone monument) arose in the late modern period from this stone monument-like shape, but itabi is not a monument, but a memorial tower made for the memorial of the deceased, such as parents, or for the memorial of the living, and in the era when itabi was made, it did not have a special name, but was called a stone tower, a stupa, a floating figure, or any other name that meant a memorial tower. The inscriptions engraved on them are the name of the deceased or the purpose of their construction, a verse from a sutra, or a date inscription, but there are no inscriptions with a monumental meaning. The shape of the stone tablet is triangular at the top with two grooves carved into it, and generally features Sanskrit characters (seed characters) or an image of the main Buddha (Amida, Dainichi, Shaka, Jizo, Kannon, etc.) with an inscription carved underneath. There are various theories about the origin of this shape, but the most widely accepted theory at present is that it is a transformation of the shape of a stupa. In addition to blue stone, andesite, granite, tuff, etc. are used depending on the region, and some are thick or columnar depending on the material. The faith embedded in stone tablets can be known from the sutras and deities that are the source of the verses, and up to 80% of those in the Kanto region are said to be based on esoteric Pure Land Buddhism, but it is generally not possible to determine their sect. However, there are exceptions, such as the Jishu sect, which has the name "Namu Amida Butsu" engraved on it, which became more common after the end of the Kamakura period, and the Nichiren sect, which has the title "Namu Myoho Renge Kyo" engraved on it, and it is possible to determine their sect. In the Kamakura period, the erectors of stone tablets were mostly local feudal lords, such as the Musashi Seven Parties, but from the second half of the 15th century, especially in the Kanto region, there were many cases of farmers forming groups to erect memorial towers in conjunction with folk events such as Tsukimachi and Koshinmachi. By analyzing the names on these stone tablets, we can learn about the conditions of medieval villages in the eastern part of the country. The creation of stone tablets stopped in the early 17th century. There are various interpretations as to why this was the case, with one popular theory pointing to a ban on stone tablets when Tokugawa Ieyasu entered Edo. However, rather than political reasons, it should be considered to have been due to changes in social conditions, such as changes in households, villages, and Buddhism, as symbolized by the spread of memorial tablets and stone tombstones. [Chijiwa Toru] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
中世につくられた石塔の一種で板石塔婆(いたいしとうば)ともいう。埼玉県熊谷(くまがや)市須賀広(すがひろ)にある、嘉禄(かろく)3年(1227)銘のものが初見で、南北朝・室町時代にもっとも盛んとなり、17世紀には姿を消す。九州・四国から東北・北海道に至る全国各地に分布するが、関東地方の、秩父(ちちぶ)産の青石(緑泥片岩(りょくでいへんがん))でつくられたものが数も多く、よく知られている。青石は板状にはがれやすく加工もしやすいことから、厚さの薄い石碑状の石に細かな彫刻が施されるなど芸術的にも優れた形のものが多い。板碑という名称は、この石碑状の形から近世末に生じたものであるが、板碑は碑ではなく、両親など亡者の追善供養(くよう)や生きている者の逆修(ぎゃくしゅ)供養のためにつくられた供養塔であり、板碑のつくられた時代には、特別な名称はなく、石塔、卒塔婆(そとば)、浮図(ふと)などと供養塔を意味する名称でよばれていた。また刻まれている銘文も、その亡者などの名や造立趣旨と、経典の一句である偈(げ)と、紀年銘などで、記念碑的な意味の銘は刻まれていない。 板碑の形態は、頭部を三角形にし、2条の溝が刻まれ、梵字(ぼんじ)(種子(しゅじ))や画像で主尊とする仏(阿弥陀(あみだ)、大日(だいにち)、釈迦(しゃか)、地蔵(じぞう)、観音(かんのん)など)を表現し、その下に銘文が刻まれているのが一般で、この形態の起源については諸説があるが、五輪塔の形態が転化したものとする説が現在もっとも有力である。石材は青石のほか、地方によって安山岩、花崗(かこう)岩、凝灰岩などが用いられるが、材質のつごうで厚手もしくは柱状になったものもある。 板碑に込められた信仰は、偈の出典の経典や主尊から知ることができ、関東地方のものは8割まで密教的浄土信仰に基づくとされるが、宗派まで確定することは一般的にはできない。ただ例外的に、鎌倉時代末期以降に多くなる「南無阿弥陀仏(なむあみだぶつ)」と名号を刻む時宗(じしゅう)系と、「南無妙法蓮華経(なむみょうほうれんげきょう)」と題目を刻む日蓮(にちれん)宗系とは宗派を知ることができる。 板碑の造立者は、鎌倉時代には武蔵(むさし)七党などとよばれるような在地領主層がほとんどであるが、15世紀後半以降、とくに関東地方では、月待(つきまち)や庚申待(こうしんまち)などの民俗行事に伴って農民たちが一結衆を構成して供養塔を造立する例が多くなる。これらの板碑は、その交名(きょうみょう)を分析することによって、東国の中世村落のようすを知ることができる重要な史料である。 板碑は17世紀初頭につくられなくなる。その理由としてさまざまな解釈がなされ、徳川家康の江戸入部に伴う禁止などを指摘する俗説もあるが、そうした政治的理由よりも、位牌(いはい)や石碑墓の普及に象徴されるような、家・村落や仏教の変化など社会的諸条件の変化に伴うものと考えるべきであろう。 [千々和到] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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