Non-payment of debt - Hisaibensai

Japanese: 非債弁済 - ひさいべんさい
Non-payment of debt - Hisaibensai

In the broad sense, it refers to a case where an obligation is paid even though there is no obligation, and the payer may in principle claim for return as an unjust enrichment (Civil Code, Article 703). However, if the payer pays while knowing that there is no obligation, he or she has acted unreasonably, and there is no need to recognize and protect the right to claim return. This is called non-debt performance in the narrow sense (Civil Code, Article 705). A claim for return is denied as a non-debt performance in the narrow sense when a performance is made even though there is no obligation, and the payer made this while knowing that there was no obligation at the time of the performance. However, if there is a reasonable reason for making a payment while knowing that there was no obligation (for example, a payment made unwillingly due to the risk of forced execution based on a notarized document that the payer was unaware of, or a payment made with such a reservation out of fear of being sued for eviction on the pretext of non-payment of rent), the claim for return will not be denied.

[Takahisa Awaji]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

広義には、債務がないのに弁済がなされた場合をいい、弁済者は不当利得として返還請求をなしうるのが原則である(民法703条)。しかし、弁済者が債務のないことを知りつつ弁済した場合には、弁済者は不合理な行為をしたのであるから、返還請求権を認めてこれを保護する必要がない。これを狭義の非債弁済という(同法705条)。狭義の非債弁済として返還請求が否定されるのは、債務が存在しないにもかかわらず、弁済として給付がなされ、しかも、弁済者が、弁済の当時、債務が存在しないことを知りつつこれをなした場合である。ただし、債務の不存在を知りつつ弁済したことに、合理的な理由(たとえば、自分の知らない公正証書により強制執行されるおそれがあって、自由意思によらずに給付した場合とか、賃料不払いを口実に明渡請求訴訟されることを恐れてそのような留保付きで支払った場合など)があれば、返還請求を否定されない。

[淡路剛久]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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