Piccard, Jacques

Japanese: ピカール（英語表記）Piccard, Jacques
Piccard, Jacques
Born: July 28, 1922, Brussels, Belgium
[Died] November 1, 2008. Tour de Palais, Switzerland Swiss marine engineer, economist, and physicist. Full name Jacques-Ernest-Jean Piccard. He helped his father Auguste Piccard build the bathyscaphe, and developed the meso-deep submersible, the meso-deep submersible. He received his master's degree from the University of Geneva in 1946 and taught there for two years. In 1953, he and his father dived to a depth of 3,099 meters in the bathyscaphe Trieste off the coast of the Italian Ponza Islands. In 1958, he became an advisor to the US Navy, which purchased the Trieste, and on January 23, 1960, he dived to a depth of 10,916 meters in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, the deepest in history. In 1969, he traveled about 3,000 km along the east coast of North America in the meso-scaphe Ben Franklin, and investigated the Gulf Stream. In 1999, he and his son Bertrand became the first people to circumnavigate the globe in a hot air balloon.

Picard
Picard, (Charles-) Émile

Born: July 24, 1856 in Paris
[Died] December 11, 1941. French mathematician. Lecturer at the University of Paris (1878). Professor at the University of Toulouse (79). From 1881, he also taught at the École Normale Supérieure (Superior Normal School). Professor at the University of Paris (98). From 1917, he was a permanent member of the mathematics department of the Academie des Sciences in Paris. He conducted a wide range of research, including the study of algebraic varieties, where he introduced the concept of what is now called Picard varieties. This concept plays a fundamental role in algebraic geometry. Picard's theorem, which he proved in 1979, is one of the fundamental theorems of the theory of complex functions. The method of successive approximations that he introduced is a new means of proving the existence of solutions to differential equations, and today, with the development of computers, it is indispensable for the application of differential equations. His research on harmonic vibration marked the beginning of the theory of integral equations.

Picard
Piccard, Auguste

Born: January 28, 1884 in Basel
Died March 24, 1962. Swiss physicist in Lausanne. Born as the son of a professor of chemistry at the University of Basel. J.F. Piccard was his twin brother. He studied physics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, and after obtaining his doctorate, continued research at his alma mater, and then became a professor of applied physics at the University of Brussels (1922). He devoted himself to the development and improvement of high-altitude balloons for observing atmospheric electricity and cosmic rays, and after setting an altitude record of 15,780 meters in 1931, he set new altitude records one after another. He then moved on to deep-sea observations, and in 1948 he completed the deep-sea submersible "Bathyscaphe," setting a dive record of 1,400 meters (October 1948). Later, his son Jacques took over his father's work, and in 1960 he reached 10,916 meters below the surface of the Mariana Trench using the "Trieste II."

Picard
Picard, Jean

[Born] July 21, 1620. Laflèse
[Died] July 12, 1682. French astronomer. Professor of astronomy at the Collège de France in Paris (1655). He was the first to carry out an accurate meridian survey and to calculate the diameter of the Earth based on that. His results were used by I. Newton to verify Newton's law of universal gravitation. He also contributed to the development of precise astronomical observations by inventing a telescope and using a pendulum clock for astronomical observations. Furthermore, in 1679 he launched the first national project to create an ephemeris almanac and was in charge of editing it. He is also known for recording and reporting the luminescence that occurs in the vacuum inside a mercury barometer.

Picard
Piccard, Jean Felix

Born: January 28, 1884 in Basel
Died: January 28, 1963, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Swiss-born American chemist and aeronautical engineer. Twin brother of A. Piccard. After earning a degree from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, he taught at the Universities of Munich and Lausanne, then moved to the United States in 1916 and became a naturalized citizen in 1931. Professor of Aeronautical Engineering at the University of Minnesota (1937). He contributed to stratospheric observations using balloons, making many improvements, and is known for reaching an altitude of 17,540 meters in 1934 with his wife Janet, an aviator.

Picard
Picard, Louis-Joseph-Ernest

Born: 1821. Paris
[Died] 1877. Paris. French politician and journalist. One of the five republican members elected in 1857. Founder of Electeur libre (Free Electors). In 1870, he became Minister of Finance in the Government of National Defense. He later served as ambassador to Belgium, but resigned after the fall of L. Thiers.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1922.7.28. ベルギー，ブリュッセル
[没]2008.11.1. スイス，ツールドペイルズ
スイスの海洋工学者，経済学者，物理学者。フルネーム Jacques-Ernest-Jean Piccard。父オーギュスト・ピカールを手伝って深海潜水艇バチスカーフを製造し，自身は中深海潜水艇メソスカーフを開発した。1946年にジュネーブ大学で修士号を取得し，同大学で 2年間教鞭をとった。1953年に父とイタリアのポンツァ諸島沖でバチスカーフの『トリエステ』で水深 3099mまで潜航した。1958年に『トリエステ』を買い上げたアメリカ海軍の顧問になり，1960年1月23日に太平洋マリアナ海溝で史上最深の 1万916mまで潜航した。1969年にメソスカーフの『ベン・フランクリン』で北アメリカの東海岸に沿って約 3000kmを流浪し，メキシコ湾流を調査した。1999年には息子のベルトランらと熱気球による初の世界一周に成功した。

ピカール
Picard， (Charles-) Émile

[生]1856.7.24. パリ
[没]1941.12.11. パリ
フランスの数学者。パリ大学講師 (1878) 。ツールーズ大学教授 (79) 。 1881年からはエコール・ノルマル・シュペリュール (高等師範学校) でも教える。パリ大学教授 (98) 。 1917年からはパリの科学アカデミーの数学部門の常任幹事。研究は広範囲に及び，なかでも代数多様体の研究において，現在，ピカール多様体と呼ばれている概念を導入した。これは代数幾何学において基本的役割を演じている。また 79年に彼が証明したピカールの定理は，複素関数論の基本定理の一つである。彼が導入した逐次近似法は，微分方程式の解の存在を証明する新しい手段であり，現在，コンピュータの発達とともに，微分方程式の応用にとって欠かせない。彼の調和振動の研究は，積分方程式論の始りを告げる目印となった。

ピカール
Piccard， Auguste

[生]1884.1.28. バーゼル
[没]1962.3.24. ローザンヌ
スイスの物理学者。バーゼル大学化学教授の息子として生れる。 J.F.ピカールは双生児の弟。チューリヒのスイス連邦工科大学で物理学を学び，学位取得後も母校で研究を続けたのち，ブリュッセル大学応用物理学教授 (1922) 。空中電気，宇宙線観測用の高層気球の開発改良に力を注ぎ，1931年に1万 5780mの高度記録をつくって以来，次々に新しい高度記録を打立てた。その後深海観測に進み，48年深海潜水艇『バチスカーフ』を完成，1400mの潜水記録をつくった (48.10.) 。のち息子のジャックが父の仕事を受継ぎ，60年に『トリエステ2世』を使ってマリアナ海溝で海面下1万 916mに達した。

ピカール
Picard， Jean

[生]1620.7.21. ラフレッシュ
[没]1682.7.12. パリ
フランスの天文学者。パリのコレージュ・ド・フランスの天文学教授 (1655) 。初めて精確な子午線測量を行い，それに基づいて地球の直径を算出した。彼の得た結果は，I.ニュートンによって，その万有引力の法則の検証のために用いられた。また望遠鏡用の照準器の考案，天文観測に振り子時計を用いるなど，精密天文観測の発展に貢献した。さらに，1679年には天文位置推算暦作成のための，初の国家的事業を興し，その編集の任にあたった。そのほか水銀気圧計内の真空に生じる発光を記録報告したことでも知られている。

ピカール
Piccard， Jean Felix

[生]1884.1.28. バーゼル
[没]1963.1.28. ミネソタ，ミネアポリス
スイス生れのアメリカの化学者，航空技術者。 A.ピカールとは双生児の兄弟。チューリヒのスイス連邦工科大学で学位取得後，ミュンヘン，ローザンヌ大学で教職についたのち，1916年アメリカに渡り，31年帰化。ミネソタ大学航空工学科の教授 (1937) 。気球による成層圏観測に貢献，多くの改良を重ね，34年に飛行家である妻のジャネットとともに，1万 7540mの上空に達したことで知られている。

ピカール
Picard， Louis-Joseph-Ernest

[生]1821. パリ
[没]1877. パリ
フランスの政治家，ジャーナリスト。 1857年選出された共和派議員5人の一人。『自由選挙人』 Electeur libreの創刊者。 70年国防政府の蔵相に就任。その後ベルギー駐在大使をつとめ，L.ティエールの没落後辞任。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について　情報

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