Aesthetics (English spelling)

Japanese: 美学 - びがく(英語表記)aesthetics 英語
Aesthetics (English spelling)

Literally, it refers to all kinds of academic studies that focus on beauty. In addition to aesthetics as metaphysics, which questions the essence of beauty and investigates its principles, there is also scientific aesthetics, which objectively observes various aesthetic phenomena and attempts to describe them in a legal manner. The Japanese word "aesthetics" was originally a translation of the German Ästhetik, which was used by Nishi Amane as "good aesthetics" or "good taste theory," and Mori Ogai translated it as "aesthetics." Originally, this referred to the study of what is sensed (aisteton, Greek), and in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, Ästhetik is used in the sense of a simple theory of sensibility, in keeping with its etymology. Baumgarten of the Leibniz-Wolf school was the first to use this term in its modern-day aesthetic sense, when he established the study of sensory perception, which had previously been considered inferior to rational perception, as a branch of philosophy and gave it the name aesthetica (Latin). Moreover, because beauty is nothing other than the perfection of sensory perception, he considered the study of sensory perception to be simultaneously the study of beauty. This marked the beginning of modern aesthetics.

Classical aesthetics is a metaphysics that questions the essence of beauty, and like Plato, it pursued the ideal of beauty as an eternally unchanging supersensory entity. In contrast, modern aesthetics focuses on beauty as a phenomenon that can be grasped through sensory perception, that is, "the aesthetic" (das Ästhetische). This "aesthetic" is not beauty itself as pursued as an ideal, but beauty only as it is reflected in our consciousness. Modern aesthetics, which pursues such an "aesthetic," is therefore developed centering on the theory of aesthetic consciousness.

Kant established the foundation of aesthetic consciousness as a sensory phenomenon from the standpoint of a prioriism, but the pursuit of the "aesthetic" as a mere phenomenon reflected in consciousness is naturally linked to empiricism. From the second half of the 19th century, the speculative aesthetics of German idealism was replaced by a growing tendency to construct theories of beauty based on empirically observed cases. Fechner advocated "aesthetics from below" and advocated "experimental aesthetics," which seeks to explore the laws of aesthetic experience from a psychological standpoint. Today, a variety of research fields are being opened up, including "sociological aesthetics," which seeks to apply sociological methods to the elucidation of aesthetic phenomena, and "analytical aesthetics," which seeks to apply the methods of linguistic analysis in analytical philosophy to aesthetics.

[Katsuhiko Ito]

"Aesthetics" by Katsunori Onishi, 2 volumes (1960, Kobundo)""Aesthetics" by Tsutomu Ijima (1958, Sobunsha)""General Theory of Aesthetics" by Toshio Takeuchi (1979, Kobundo)""Encyclopedia of Aesthetics" edited by Toshio Takeuchi (1961, Kobundo)""Lectures on Aesthetics" edited by Tomonobu Imamichi, 5 volumes (1984-85, University of Tokyo Press)"

[References] | Kant | Nishi Amane| Baumgarten | Beauty | Fechner | Plato | Mori Ogai

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

字義どおり、美を対象とする、すべての種類の学問的考察をさしていう。美の本質を問い、その原理を究明する形而上(けいじじょう)学としての美学のほかに、さまざまの美的現象を客観的に観察し、これを法則的に記述しようとするところの科学的美学がある。日本語の「美学」はもともとドイツ語のÄsthetikの訳語で、西周(にしあまね)によって「善美学」とか「佳趣論」などのことばがあてられ、森鴎外(おうがい)はこれを「審美学」と訳した。これは元来、感覚されるもの(アイステトンaistheton、ギリシア語)に関する学問のことで、カントの『純粋理性批判』では、Ästhetikは語源に従って単なる感性論の意味に用いられている。この語を今日の美学の意味で初めて使用したのは、ライプニッツ‐ウォルフ学派のバウムガルテンであって、彼は、これまで理性的認識に比し低級視されていた感性的認識の学を哲学の一部門として樹立し、これにエステティカaesthetica(ラテン語)という名称を与えた。しかも、美とは感性的認識の完全なものにほかならないから、感性的認識の学は同時に美の学であると考えた。ここに近代美学の方向が切り開かれたのである。

 古典美学はあくまで美の本質を問う形而上学で、プラトンにおけるように、永遠に変わらない超感覚的存在としての美の理念を追求した。これに反し、近代美学では、感性的認識によってとらえられる現象としての美、すなわち「美的なもの」das Ästhetischeが対象とされる。この「美的なもの」は、理念として追求されるような美そのものではなく、あくまでわれわれの意識に映ずる限りの美である。そうした「美的なもの」を追求する近代美学はそこで、美意識論を中心として展開されることになる。

 カントは感性的現象としての美意識を先験主義の立場から基礎づけたが、意識に映ずる単なる現象としての「美的なもの」を探求する方向は当然、経験主義と結び付く。19世紀の後半からは、ドイツ観念論の思弁的美学にかわって、経験的に観察された事例に即して美の理論を構築してゆく傾向が強まってくる。フェヒナーは「下からの美学」を唱え、心理学の立場から美的経験の諸法則を探求しようとする「実験美学」を主張した。今日ではさらに、社会学的方法を美的現象の解明に適用しようとする「社会学的美学」や、分析哲学における言語分析の方法を美学に適用しようとする「分析美学」など、多彩な研究分野が切り開かれつつある。

[伊藤勝彦]

『大西克禮著『美学』2巻(1960・弘文堂)』『井島勉著『美学』(1958・創文社)』『竹内敏雄著『美学総論』(1979・弘文堂)』『竹内敏雄編『美学事典』(1961・弘文堂)』『今道友信編『講座 美学』全5巻(1984~85・東京大学出版会)』

[参照項目] | カント | 西周 | バウムガルテン | | フェヒナー | プラトン | 森鴎外

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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