Epigraphy - higaku (English spelling)

Japanese: 碑学 - ひがく（英語表記）Bēi xué

A school of calligraphy that studies the calligraphy of stone monuments from the Northern Dynasties of China. It is used in contrast to the study of stone monuments, which is based on the study of calligraphy in the form of legal treatises. Stone monuments respected the calligraphy style of Wang Xizhi's school and flourished from the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties until the end of the Jiaqing period (1796-1820) of the Qing dynasty, but as epigraphy developed, stone monuments gradually became more prevalent. Deng Shiru (Tang Shijio) perfected the calligraphy of seal and servants and is considered the founder of stone monuments. At the time, Ruan Yuan's Treatises on the Northern and Southern Schools of Calligraphy and Treatises on the Northern and Southern Stone Monuments greatly inspired students of calligraphy and marked the beginning of the esteem of stone monuments from the Northern Dynasties.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

中国，北朝の碑の書風を学ぶ一派のこと。法帖（ほうじよう）によって学ぶ立場の帖学に対していう。帖学は王羲之一派の書風を尊び，宋･元･明より清朝の嘉慶(1796‐1820)の末年ごろまで盛んに行われたが，金石学の発展に伴って碑学がしだいに優勢になった。鄧石如（とうせきじよ）は篆隷（てんれい）の書法をよくし，碑学の開祖とされる。当時，書を学ぶ者に大きな刺激を与え，北朝の碑が重んじられる端緒を開いたのは，阮元（げんげん）の《南北書派論》と《北碑南帖論》である。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

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