Hamburg - Hamburg (English spelling)

Japanese: ハンブルク - はんぶるく(英語表記)Hamburg
Hamburg - Hamburg (English spelling)

Located in northern Germany, it is the country's largest port city. It is the second largest city in the country after Berlin, with an area of ​​755 square kilometers and a population of 1,728,800 (2002). It constitutes a state in itself. It is located about 100 kilometers upstream from the mouth of the Elbe River, which flows into the North Sea, and the port and industrial district were built by excavating the island in its entirety. The autobahn, which connects the country with Scandinavia, passes through the city, and Fuhlsbüttel Airport is located in the northern part of the city.

[Saito Mitsunori]

Port facilities and industry

Before World War II, it was the world's fourth largest international trading port, but after the war, the area along the Elbe River, which was its main hinterland, was separated as part of the former East Germany, and for a time it was at a disadvantage in competing with Rotterdam in the Netherlands, Wilhelmshaven and Bremen in the country. Nevertheless, the Czech Republic has been using the port since then, and especially after German unification in 1990, it has developed into an important port connected to about 1,100 ports around the world by 260 regular shipping routes. The total area of ​​the port area is 76 square kilometers, of which 16 square kilometers is a free port. In 2000, imports were 45,306,200 tons, mainly chemical products, fruits, and grains. Until around 1980, the majority of imports were oil, but there was a period when the amount of imported cargo decreased significantly as oil began to be shipped by pipeline from the North Sea oil fields. Exports were 28,051,400 tons, including machinery, optical equipment, and vehicles. In terms of industry, notable industries include port-related shipbuilding, machinery, copper smelting, flour milling, tobacco, rubber, and oil refining, as well as electronics and printing.

[Saito Mitsunori]

city

The city area spreads from the wide marshes along the Elbe to the alluvial hills on the north and south banks. The city centre is located within the old city walls on the north bank, bordering the medieval dammed lake Binnenalster, which is a precious water surface for the city. The city centre is made up of the central shopping street Mönckeberg Strasse, which runs west from the central station, the town hall square and town hall at the end of the street, Alter Wall Strasse, and the commercial and business district adjacent to it.

The port district is located a little further southwest near the banks of the Elbe River, and is famous for the Reeperbahn district, an entertainment district for sailors, including Herbertstrasse, known for its "red light districts." A tunnel under the river leads from here to the port and industrial district, and the area is crowded with commuters in the mornings and evenings.

Outside the old city walls are residential areas, but cultural facilities such as the Old Botanical Garden and the University of Hamburg in the north, and the Historical Museum and the Bismarck Column in the west are located. The city area is now expanding into the neighboring states of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony. There are few historical buildings due to damage in World War II, but the 19th century Neo-Renaissance style town hall, the 18th century Baroque style St. Michael's Church, and the 17th century Weavers' Guild House remain.

[Saito Mitsunori]

history

Birth and development

Hamburg originated from a fortress built around 825, and in 834 an archbishopric was established in the church here, making it the base for Christianizing Scandinavia. The city was attacked and plundered by Vikings and Wends, but in the 11th century, Christianization work progressed under the leadership of Church Father Adalbert. In the 12th century, the feudal lord Count of Schauenburg recognized the economic importance of the area, systematically settling merchants there and building a new city. In 1189, Emperor Frederick I granted a charter granting commerce, customs duties, and navigation privileges in the lower Elbe River basin, marking the birth of the commercial city of Hamburg. At the beginning of the 13th century, the city briefly came under Danish territory, but subsequently developed remarkably, with many churches and city halls being built, and a nursing home being constructed outside the city walls. Around 1300, the city stretched 1.5 kilometers east to west, 0.8 kilometers north to south, and had a population of about 5,000. In the 14th century, it became a stopover point for East-West trade of the Hanseatic League, shipping furs, wax, grain, and minerals from the Baltic Sea region to the west, and transporting wool, spices, and luxury goods from the west to Lübeck. Beer brewing was thriving in the city, and the city law became the mother law for Baltic cities, and the oldest maritime law in Germany was enacted. At the end of the Middle Ages, it had a population of about 14,000 and was the number one Hanseatic city.

[Minoru Morota]

Golden Age

The Reformation was achieved without any major turmoil in the 16th century, but by this time fast single-masted ships could pass through Zund to the Baltic Sea or directly to France and Spain, and in 1558 the sailors' guild came together and established a trading post. The merchant class sought autonomy and independent development, and became an import port for British woolen textiles and accepted Protestant refugees from the Netherlands who had been persecuted. They introduced the commerce of Antwerp and contributed to its development into an international port city. The 17th century was the golden age of the imperial city of Hamburg. Between 1616 and 1625, a wall with four gates and numerous bastions was built to strengthen defenses, while in 1619 the Hamburg Bank was established to handle transfers and foreign exchange, following the example of Amsterdam, the convoy system was introduced in 1662, the Chamber of Commerce was established in 1665, and fire insurance services began in 1576. During the French Revolution, it replaced Amsterdam as the largest trading port in Scandinavia, but was occupied by French troops in 1806 and incorporated into French territory in 1810.

[Minoru Morota]

As a German city

After the German War of Independence against France (1812-15), it became a free city and part of the German Confederation, and trade with Central and South America, Africa, and East Asia flourished, becoming a transit port to Northern Europe. In 1847, the Hamburg American Shipping Company was founded and the port was expanded. In 1914, the city owned 1,466 ships with a total tonnage of approximately 3 million tons. In 1871, it joined the German Empire, and in 1888, it joined the Customs Union. Civic culture also flourished, and in the 18th century, Telemann and Lessing were active, and in the 19th century, Mendelssohn and Brahms were born, and Heine also spent some time here. During World War II, the city suffered heavy damage from bombing in the summer of 1943.

[Minoru Morota]

[References] | Hanseatic League

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツ北部にある同国最大の港湾都市。ベルリンに次ぐ同国第二の大都市で、面積755平方キロメートル、人口172万8800(2002)。それ自体で一州を構成している。北海に流入するエルベ川の河口から約100キロメートル上流に位置し、その中州を縦横に掘削して港湾・工業地区が建設された。国内とスカンジナビア方面を結ぶアウトバーンが市内を通り、市域北部にフールスビュッテルFuhlsbüttel空港がある。

[齋藤光格]

港湾施設・工業

第二次世界大戦前は世界第4位の国際貿易港であったが、戦後、おもな後背地であったエルベ川沿いの地域が旧東ドイツ領として切り離されたため、一時オランダのロッテルダムや国内のウィルヘルムスハーフェン、ブレーメンなどとの競争に不利な条件にあった。それでもチェコは当時からこの港を利用してきたし、とくに1990年のドイツ統一後は、世界の約1100の港と、260航路の定期航路で結ばれる重要港として発展している。港湾地区の総面積は76平方キロメートル、うち16平方キロメートルが自由港である。2000年の輸入は4530万6200トンで、おもに化学製品、果物、穀物を輸入する。1980年ごろまでは石油の輸入が多かったが、北海油田からパイプラインで送られるようになり、輸入貨物量が大幅に減少した時期もあった。輸出は2805万1400トンで、機械、光学機械、車両などを輸出する。工業は、港湾関連部門である造船、機械、銅精錬、製粉、たばこ、ゴム、石油精製などのほか、とくに電子機器、印刷などが目だつ。

[齋藤光格]

市街

市域は、エルベ川沿いの幅広い低湿地から、北岸と南岸の洪積層丘陵地にかけて広がる。都心は北岸の旧城壁内、市街地の貴重な水面である中世の堰止(せきとめ)湖ビンネン(内)アルスターBinnenalster湖の南に接して位置する。中央駅から西に延びる中心商店街メンケベルクMönckeberg通り、その突き当たりの市庁舎前広場と市庁舎、アルター・ワルAlter Wall通り、それに接する商業・業務地区が都心を形成している。

 港町地区はやや離れて南西方のエルベ川河岸の近くにあり、「飾り窓」で知られるヘルベルトHerbert通りを含む船員向けの歓楽街レーパーバーンReeperbahn地区が有名である。港湾・工業地区にはここから川底をくぐるトンネルが通じ、朝夕は通勤客で混雑する。

 旧城壁の外は住宅地区であるが、北部には旧植物園、ハンブルク大学、西部には歴史博物館、ビスマルク記念塔など、文化施設が配置されている。市街地はいまや隣接するシュレスウィヒ・ホルシュタイン、ニーダーザクセン両州の域内にまで拡大しつつある。第二次世界大戦で被害を受けたため歴史的建造物は少ないが、19世紀、ネオ・ルネサンス様式の市庁舎、18世紀、バロック様式の聖ミヒャエル教会、17世紀の織物業組合の家などが残る。

[齋藤光格]

歴史

誕生と発展

825年ごろ築かれた城塞(じょうさい)からおこり、834年ここの教会に大司教座が置かれ、北欧キリスト教化の基地となった。バイキングやウェンド人の攻撃と略奪にあったが、11世紀に教父アダルベルトのもとで教化事業が進んだ。12世紀に領主シャウエンブルク伯はこの地の経済的重要性を認めて商人を計画的に定住させ、新市を建設した。1189年皇帝フリードリヒ1世がエルベ川下流域における商業、関税、航行の特権を与えた特許状は、商都ハンブルクの誕生文書となった。13世紀初めに一時デンマーク領になったが、その後目覚ましく発展し、多くの教会や市庁舎が建ち、市壁外に養老院が建てられた。1300年ごろには東西1.5キロメートル、南北0.8キロメートル、人口約5000であった。14世紀にはハンザ同盟の東西貿易の中継地となり、バルト海域の毛皮、蝋(ろう)、穀物、鉱物を西へ船積みし、西からの毛織物、香料、奢侈(しゃし)品をリューベックへ運んだ。市内ではビール醸造が盛んで、都市法はバルト海諸都市の母法となり、ドイツ最古の海事法が制定された。中世末には人口約1万4000、ハンザ第一の都市であった。

[諸田 實]

黄金時代

16世紀に大きな混乱なく宗教改革を達成したが、このころには快速の単檣(たんしょう)(1本マスト)船がズント(エアスン海峡)を通ってバルト海へ、あるいはフランス、スペインへ直行し、1558年船員組合が一致して取引所を設立した。商人層は自治と独自の発展を求め、イギリス産毛織物の輸入港となり、ネーデルラント(オランダ)から迫害に追われた新教徒の亡命者を受け入れた。彼らはアントウェルペン(アントワープ)の商業を伝え、国際的港都への発展に貢献した。17世紀は帝国都市ハンブルクの黄金時代である。1616~25年の間に四つの門と多数の稜堡(りょうほ)を備えた城壁を築いて防備を固める一方、19年にアムステルダムに倣って振替と為替(かわせ)を営むハンブルク銀行を設立し、62年にコンボイ(警備艦隊)の制度を始め、65年に商業会議所を設立、76年に火災保険業務が開始された。フランス革命期にアムステルダムにかわって北欧第一の貿易港となったが、1806年フランス軍に占領され、10年フランス領に編入された。

[諸田 實]

ドイツの一都市として

フランスに対するドイツ解放戦争(1812~15)後は自由都市としてドイツ連邦の一員となり、中南米、アフリカ、東アジア貿易が栄え、北欧への中継港となった。1847年ハンブルク・アメリカ海運会社が設立され、港も拡張された。1914年の保有船は1466隻、約300万トン。1871年ドイツ帝国に、88年関税同盟に加入。市民文化も栄え、18世紀にはテレマン、レッシングが活躍し、19世紀にはメンデルスゾーン、ブラームスが生まれ、ハイネも一時期を送った。第二次世界大戦中の1943年夏には爆撃で大きな被害を受けた。

[諸田 實]

[参照項目] | ハンザ同盟

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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