Full employment

Japanese: 完全雇用 - かんぜんこよう(英語表記)full employment
Full employment

It refers to a state in which all people who are willing and able to work are employed.

In classical economics, both labor demand and labor supply are considered to be functions of the real wage rate, so if the wage rate is sufficiently flexible, full employment is achieved by the labor supply and demand adjustment effect of the wage rate, and if there is unemployment, it is only those who refuse to work at the current wage rate, that is, so-called voluntary unemployment. However, even in this case, frictional unemployment and seasonal unemployment exist. The former is unemployment that arises from various frictions such as ignorance of market conditions, difficulty in labor mobility, and difficulty in changing occupations. The latter refers to cases where job openings for a certain occupation are concentrated only in a certain season, causing unemployment in other seasons. Good examples of this are toji (master brewers) and North Sea fishermen. Thus, classical economics is said to be the economics of full employment, excluding voluntary unemployment, frictional unemployment, and seasonal unemployment.

In contrast, classical economics could not explain the mass unemployment that occurred after the Great Depression of 1929, and it was against this backdrop that Keynesian economics emerged. J.M. Keynes pointed out that when effective demand is insufficient, a society's output falls, resulting in people who are willing to work at the current wage rate but are unable to find employment, which means that involuntary unemployment occurs. He argued that this involuntary unemployment should be resolved by increasing effective demand through public investment and other policies. Unlike classical economics, in Keynesian economics, full employment is not achieved automatically, but is something that must be achieved through policy.

Keynesian economics was put into practice by the New Deal in the United States, and contributed to the elimination of unemployment. Other countries followed suit, and the elimination of unemployment gradually became established as a policy goal. Furthermore, during World War II, the idea that the realization of full employment should be attempted through policy, as represented by W. H. Beveridge, gained popularity. After the war, full employment policies were established as the central pillar of social and economic policies in developed countries. After the war, economies moved from economic recovery to a period of economic growth, and it was relatively easy to achieve full employment, but in the 1970s, all countries were hit by stagflation, and unemployment became a problem again.

[Toyosaburo Sato]

"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" by J.M. Keynes, translated by Shionoya Kyukyu (1941, Toyo Keizai Shinposha) " "Modern Economics 9: Economic Policy" by Watanabe Tsunehiko and Chikui Jinkichi (1972, Iwanami Shoten)" "WH Beveridge Full Employment in a Free Society (1944, London)"

[References] | Unemployment

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

働く意志と能力をもつ者が、すべて雇用されている状態をいう。

 古典派経済学では、労働力需要も労働力供給もともに実質賃金率の関数であると考えるから、賃金率の伸縮性が十分であれば、賃金率の労働力需給調節作用によって完全雇用が達成されるわけであり、失業があるとすれば、現行の賃金率では就業することを拒否するもの、すなわちいわゆる自発的失業だけである。もっともこの場合にも、摩擦的失業や季節的失業は存在する。前者は市場事情の不知、労働移動の困難、職種転換の困難などの各種摩擦から発生する失業である。後者はある職種の求人が特定の季節にのみ集中するため、それ以外の季節に失業が発生する場合をいい、杜氏(とうじ)、北洋漁民などがその好例である。かくて古典派経済学は、自発的失業、摩擦的失業、季節的失業は別として、完全雇用の経済学であるといわれる。

 これに対して1929年の世界不況以後の大量の失業は、古典派経済学では説明がつかぬものであり、この現実を背景にしてケインズ経済学が登場した。J・M・ケインズは、現行の賃金率で働く意志があるにもかかわらず、有効需要が不足するとその社会の産出量が低下して、そこに就業の機会を得られない人々が発生する、すなわち非自発的失業が発生することを指摘した。そしてこの非自発的失業は、公共投資その他の政策によって有効需要を高めて、その解消を図るべきものであるとした。ケインズ経済学にあっては、古典派経済学と異なり、完全雇用は自動的に達成されるものではなく、政策的に実現を図るものなのである。

 ケインズ経済学はアメリカのニューディールによって実践に移され、失業の解消に貢献した。各国もこれに追随し、失業の解消は政策目標としてしだいに定着していった。さらに第二次世界大戦中には、W・H・ビバリッジに代表されるような、完全雇用の実現を政策的に図るべきであるとの思想が高まった。そして戦後には先進諸国において完全雇用政策は社会・経済政策の中軸として定着した。戦後の経済は経済復興から経済成長期に移り、完全雇用の実現も比較的容易であったが、1970年代に入ると各国ともスタグフレーションに襲われ、ふたたび失業が問題化してきた。

[佐藤豊三郎]

『J・M・ケインズ著、塩野谷九十九訳『雇用・利子および貨幣の一般理論』(1941・東洋経済新報社)』『渡部経彦・筑井甚吉著『現代経済学9 経済政策』(1972・岩波書店)』『W. H. BeveridgeFull Employment in a Free Society (1944, London)』

[参照項目] | 失業

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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