This is a period in a child's development when negative or rejecting attitudes and behaviors are most likely to appear. It usually appears in children around 3 years old and adolescents between 12 and 15 years old, so the former is called the first rebellious period and the latter the second rebellious period. C. Buehler regards children's mental development as a process in which a period of objectification, in which interest is directed toward the environment, alternates with a period of subjectification, in which interest is directed toward the ego, and states that the rebellious period appears during the transition from the period of objectification to the period of subjectification. In other words, the first rebellious period is located between the period of interest in the immediate surroundings necessary for life and the period of interest in imaginative activities, and the second rebellious period is located between the period of interest in knowledge of reality and the period of interest in the inner life. Either way, the rebellious period is deeply connected to the development of the ego. [Takehisa Takizawa] The first rebellious phaseA child in the first rebellious stage will say "no" to everything around them, rebel against older people, deliberately ignore instructions and orders, or do the opposite, and insist on his or her own will in everything. This kind of rebellion occurs impulsively, but it actually indicates that the child's ego is beginning to emerge. Before this, the child could hardly do anything on his or her own, so his or her mother did most of the work for him or her. However, now that the child's motor skills have developed and he or she can use his or her own hands and feet freely, he or she has a strong desire to try to do everything on his or her own. Therefore, the child will feel that care or interference from adults is a kind of pressure, and will try to reject it. This will be expressed as rebellious behavior. Rebellion is an essential phenomenon for the development of a child's ego. In fact, it is said that most weak-willed children do not experience a rebellious period in early childhood. Through rebellion, young children learn that not everything goes as they want, and they become able to put themselves in other people's shoes and guess what other people are thinking. In this way, they also begin to develop the self-control to hold back what they want to do. [Takehisa Takizawa] The second rebellious periodOn the other hand, unlike the first rebellious period, in which rebellion was directed primarily at older people, the second rebellious period is characterized by rebellion against the traditional customs and authority that surround oneself. Rebellion against older people is actually rebellion against the traditional authority that resides behind those older people, so children will not rebel against older people who do not use their authority as a shield. On the contrary, they will completely trust and obey understanding older people. Therefore, rebellion during this period is conscious, because it is a phenomenon that occurs during the period of establishment of the ego. In adolescence, the rapid physical changes, especially sexual maturation, destroy the continuity from childhood, causing great anxiety. As a result, adolescents begin to seek new questions: who they are, what they can do, and what their social role is. In other words, their interest turns to the establishment of what E. H. Erikson calls "ego identity." However, because there is still a "grace period" (moratorium) before society gives them their adult roles, it is difficult for them to establish their ego identity. As a result, they often fall into a state of "identity diffusion," accompanied by feelings of helplessness and skepticism. Rebellion can be seen as a struggle by adolescents to regain their ego identity. They may insist on their own opinions, ignore or resist the instructions of their parents or teachers, remain silent, withdraw into themselves, flaunt unusual clothing and behavior, play pranks, or sometimes become violent. Moreover, in the early adolescent period, the ego is not fully established, so rebellious behavior occurs without confidence. Therefore, in many cases, rebellion is merely a bravado, but as the ego becomes more strongly conscious, the rebellion becomes based on one's own beliefs. Then, when the ego identity is secured, the rebellion is reduced. [Takehisa Takizawa] "The Psychology of Rebellion by Nobuo Nakanishi (1971, Fukumura Publishing)" [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
子供の発達の過程で、否定や拒否の態度や行動が多く出現する時期。普通、3歳ごろの幼児と12歳から15歳ごろにかけての青年に出現するので、前者を第一反抗期、後者を第二反抗期とよんでいる。C・ビューラーは、子供の精神発達を、関心が環境に向かう客観化の時期と、関心が自我に向かう主観化の時期とが交代に表れる過程としてとらえているが、反抗期は、客観化の時期から主観化の時期への移行期に表れると述べている。すなわち、生活に必要な身辺的な事柄に関心を向ける時期と、想像活動に関心を向ける時期との間に、第一反抗期が位置づけられ、現実の知識に関心を向ける時期と、内面生活に関心を向ける時期との間に、第二反抗期が位置づけられる。いずれにせよ、反抗期は自我の発達に深く結び付いている。 [滝沢武久] 第一反抗期第一反抗期の子供は、周囲にいる年長者に対して、すべて「いや」といって反発し、指示や命令をわざと無視したり、逆のことを行ったり、なにかにつけて自分の意志を強硬に主張したりする。こういう反抗は衝動的に生じるが、実は子供の自我が芽生え始めたことを示している。それ以前は、子供は自分の力ではほとんど何もできなかったので、たいていのことは母親の手でやってもらっていた。ところがいまや運動能力が発達して、自分の手足を思うままに使えるようになったため、何事も自分でやってみようとする欲求が高まってきた。そのため、大人の世話や干渉は子供にとって一種の圧力と感じられ、これをはねつけようとする。これが反抗行動として表現されることとなるのである。 反抗は、子供の自我の発達にとって不可欠な現象である。実際、意志薄弱の子供の大部分は、幼児期に反抗期を経験していないといわれている。幼児は反抗を通して、すべてが自分の思いどおりになるものでないことを知り、他人の立場にたったり、他人の意図を推測したりすることができるようになっていく。こうして、自分のいまやりたいことを押さえておく自制力も、発達し始めていくこととなるのである。 [滝沢武久] 第二反抗期一方、第二反抗期は、反抗の対象をもっぱら年長者に向けていた第一反抗期と異なり、自分を取り巻く伝統的な慣習や権威などに対する反抗を特徴とする。年長者への反抗も、実は、その年長者の背後にもつ旧来の権威への反抗なのだから、権威をかさに着ることのない年長者に対しては反抗することもない。逆に、理解ある年長者にはむしろ全面的に信頼を寄せ、従順に従う。それゆえ、この時期の反抗は意識的である。それは、自我の確立期に生じる現象だからである。 青年期に入ると、急激な身体的変化、とりわけ性的成熟に当面して、児童期からの連続性が破壊され、大きな不安を覚える。そこで、自分とは何か、自分には何ができるか、自分の社会的役割は何かを、新たに求め始める。つまり、E・H・エリクソンのいう「自我同一性」を確立しようとする方向に関心が向く。ところが、まだ大人としての役割が社会から与えられるまで「猶予期間」(モラトリアム)があるため、自我同一性が確立しにくい状況にある。その結果、しばしば無力感や懐疑などを伴う「同一性拡散」の状態に陥る。反抗は、青年が自我同一性を取り戻そうとするあがきとみることができる。自分の意見を強硬に主張して、親や教師の指示を無視したり、手向かったり、沈黙を続けたり、内に閉じ込もったり、風変わりな服装や言動を誇示したり、いたずらをしたり、ときには暴力を振るったりすることもある。 そのうえ、思春期初期は、自我が十分に確立されていない時期なので、自信のないまま反抗的行動をとる。そのため、単なる強がりの虚勢的反抗である場合が多いが、しだいに自我が強く意識されてくるにつれて、その反抗も自分の信念に基づくものになっていく。そして、自我同一性が確保されるに至ると、反抗は軽減されることとなるのである。 [滝沢武久] 『中西信男著『反抗の心理』(1971・福村出版)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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