Fumio - Shisho

Also called "shijo." A lower-ranking clerk who worked under the fourth-rank officials of each government office under the ritsuryo system, copying and organizing documents and obtaining the signatures of superiors on documents. The number of clerks varied depending on the busyness of the office, with 20 each in the Daijokan, Nakatsukasa, and Shikibusho, 10 each in the Jibu, Minbu, Hyobu, Gyobu, and Kunaisho, and 6 in the Treasury. In each province, 20 in Dazaifu, and 3 each in Daikoku, Kamikoku, Chugoku, and Shimokoku (Personnel Order). The appointment was stipulated in the "Senjo-Ryo" as the position of judge in the Ministry of Ceremonies, and the "Engishiki" (Ministry of Ceremonies) states that each ministry would examine and employ low-ranking officials (low-ranking officials engaged in miscellaneous tasks) who were skilled in calligraphy. They were exempt from the duties of labor, tribunal, and miscellaneous duties ("Buyaku-Ryo"), and were conferred ranks based on a comprehensive evaluation of their work over the course of eight years ("Senjo-Ryo"), although the number of years of service changed over time.

[Kaoru Inoue]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

「しじょう」ともいう。令制(りょうせい)の各官庁四等官の下で文書を書写・整備したり、文書に上官の署判を受けたりすることに従事した下級の書記。員数は官司の繁閑によって差があり、太政官(だいじょうかん)、中務(なかつかさ)・式部(しきぶ)省に各20人、治部(じぶ)・民部(みんぶ)・兵部(ひょうぶ)・刑部(ぎょうぶ)・宮内(くない)省に各10人、大蔵(おおくら)省に6人が置かれ、諸国では大宰府(だざいふ)に20人、大国・上国・中国・下国に各3人であった（「職員(しきいん)令」）。その任用は「選叙(せんじょ)令」に式部省の判補(はんぽ)と定められ、『延喜式(えんぎしき)』（式部省）では、各省が書算に巧みな雑色人(ぞうしきにん)（雑役に従事する下級職員）を試験し採用するとある。庸(よう)・調(ちょう)・雑徭(ぞうよう)を免除され（「賦役(ぶやく)令」）、8年間の勤務評定を総合して叙位され（「選叙令」）、その年数には変遷があった。

［井上　薫］

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