Half life

Japanese: 半減期 - はんげんき(英語表記)half life
Half life

The time it takes for the intensity of radiation emitted by a radioactive material to decrease by half. The intensity of radiation from a radioactive material decreases gradually over time. This is because the number of atomic nuclei that emit radiation decreases over time, and the intensity of the radiation is proportional to the number of nuclei that decay per unit time. The decay of atomic nuclei in radioactive materials is a probabilistic phenomenon governed by chance for each individual atomic nucleus. However, for a collection of a very large number of nuclei that can decay, the rate of decay per unit time, λ (lambda), is a constant value. If the number of nuclei that can decay is N, and the number of nuclei that decay within a unit time is n, then λ is given by λ = n/N (where λ is called the decay constant). This value can be thought of as the probability that one nucleus that can decay will decay per unit time, and its reciprocal gives the average decay lifetime, τ (tau) = 1/λ. The decay lifetime is usually expressed as the half-life T 1/2 = (ln2) × τ, which is proportional to the average lifetime (ln is the natural logarithm). T 1/2 is defined as the time it takes for the amount of a radioactive element to become half of its original amount. That is, the amount of decayable nuclei that is N 0 at a certain time becomes N 0 /2 after T 1/2 time. Half-lives vary depending on the type of nucleus that decays, and can range from long to short.

[Kiyomi Ikeda]

[Reference] | Atomic nucleus | Decay constant | Radiation

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

放射性物質が放出する放射線の強さが、半分に減少するのに要する時間。放射性物質の放射線の強さは時間とともにしだいに減少していく。これは、放射線を出す原子核の数が時間とともに減少し、また放射線の強さが単位時間当りの崩壊原子核数に比例するためである。放射性物質の原子核の崩壊は、個々の原子核については偶然に支配される確率現象である。しかし非常に多数の崩壊しうる原子核の集まりについては、単位時間に崩壊する割合λ(ラムダ)は一定の値となる。崩壊しうる原子核の数をNとし、そのうち単位時間内に崩壊する原子核の数をnとすると、λ=n/Nで与えられる(λを崩壊定数という)。この値は、1個の崩壊可能な原子核が単位時間に崩壊をおこす確率と考えてよく、その逆数は崩壊の平均寿命τ(タウ)=1/λを与える。通常、崩壊の寿命は平均寿命に比例した半減期T1/2=(ln2)×τで表される(lnは自然対数)。T1/2は放射性元素の量が初めの量の半分になる時間として定義される。すなわち、ある時刻にN0であった崩壊可能な原子核の量が、T1/2時間たつとN0/2となる。半減期は崩壊する原子核の種類で異なり、長いものから短いものまでさまざまである。

[池田清美]

[参照項目] | 原子核 | 崩壊定数 | 放射線

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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