Hermaphroditism

Japanese: 半陰陽 - はんいんよう(英語表記)hermaphroditism
Hermaphroditism

A type of simple malformation that occurs during the process of sexual differentiation and development. Sex develops through several stages. The first is chromosomal sex or genetic sex, which is determined at the moment the egg and sperm combine. Next, the fertilized egg divides and various organs are formed, one of which is the gonads. The sex at this stage is gonadal sex. Next, the internal and external genitalia differentiate in a direction that matches the sex chromosomes and gonads, completing the individual's sex. This sex is called ductal sex or genital sex. Hermaphroditism is an abnormality that occurs after the "gonadal sex" stage in this series of sexual differentiation and development processes, and can be divided as follows:

(1) True hermaphroditism This refers to the presence of both testicular and ovarian tissue. There are cases where the testes and ovaries exist separately, and cases where both tissues coexist within a single gonad (ovotestis). The most common sex chromosome is XX/46, followed by XY/46. XY/XX mosaicism is also observed, but is rare. Testes develop in the absence of a Y chromosome because the testis-determining factor (TDF) present on the Y chromosome has been translocated to another chromosome. The external genitalia include hypospadias, and it is often difficult to distinguish between males and females. The internal genital system also includes the vagina and uterus.

In contrast to true hermaphroditism, there is pseudohermaphroditism, which is divided into male hermaphroditism and female hermaphroditism.

(2) Male hermaphroditism A condition in which the sex chromosome structure is XY/46 and the gonads are bilateral testes, but the internal and external genital systems are biased toward the female type, a typical example of which is testicular feminization. Male hermaphroditism is broadly classified into masculinization disorder and Mullerian duct regression disorder, and masculinization disorder is further classified into those caused by abnormalities in testosterone biosynthesis and those caused by abnormalities in testosterone expression.

(3) Female hermaphroditism: The sex chromosomes, gonads, and internal genitalia are female, but the external genitalia show masculinization. In most cases, this is due to adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome) caused by congenital enzyme deficiency in the adrenal cortex. In addition, some cases are caused by the action of male hormones from the mother. In this case, it is non-progressive.

(4) Mixed gonadal dysgenesis: The gonads are cord-shaped on one side and testes on the other, and the sex chromosome composition is basically a mosaic of XO/45 and XY/46. The external genitalia are often difficult to distinguish as male or female, and the internal genitalia include a uterus. There is a high incidence of tumors developing in the cord-shaped gonads or testes of these hermaphrodites.

Treatment for hermaphroditism varies depending on the type, but determining the gender must be made after careful consideration of factors such as how long the child has been raised as which gender, the possibility of plastic surgery, the individual's wishes, and the wishes of the family.

[Masafumi Shirai]

[Reference] | Hypospadias

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

性の分化発達の過程で生じた単体奇形の一種。性はいくつかの段階を経て分化してくるもので、その最初は、卵と精子が結合した瞬間に決まる性「染色体による性」chromosomal sexあるいは「遺伝的性」genetic sexであり、ついで受精卵が卵分割をおこし、各種の臓器を形成していくが、その一つとして性腺(せん)も形成される。その段階の性が「性腺による性」gonadal sexである。続いて内性器および外性器系が性染色体や性腺と一致した方向に分化して個体の性が完成する。この性が「内性器の性」ductal sexおよび「外性器の性」genital sexである。半陰陽は、このような一連の性の分化発達過程のうち「性腺の性」の段階以降にみられる異常で、次のように分けられる。

(1)真性半陰陽 精巣(睾丸(こうがん))と卵巣の両方の組織を有する場合をいい、精巣と卵巣が別々に存在するものと、一つの性腺内に両方の組織が共存するもの(卵巣精巣ovotestis)とがある。性染色体はXX/46がもっとも多く、ついでXY/46が多い。またXY/XXのモザイクも認められるが少ない。Y染色体が存在しないのに精巣が発生するのはY染色体上に存在する精巣決定因子(TDF)が他の染色体上に転座しているためである。外性器には尿道下裂があり、男女の区別が困難なことが多い。また内性器系では、腟(ちつ)や子宮が存在する。

 この真性半陰陽に対して仮性半陰陽があり、男性半陰陽と女性半陰陽に分けられる。

(2)男性半陰陽 性染色体構成XY/46で性腺も両側精巣であるが、内・外性器系が女性型へ偏向しているもので、その典型が精巣性女性化症である。男性半陰陽は、男性化障害とミュラー管退行障害に大別されており、男性化障害はさらにテストステロン生合成異常によるものと、テストステロン発現異常によるものに分類される。

(3)女性半陰陽 性染色体、性腺、内性器は女性型であるが、外性器が男性化を示すもので、その多くは副腎(ふくじん)皮質における先天性酵素欠損による副腎過形成(副腎性器症候群)である。このほか、母体から男性ホルモン様作用を受けておこるものもある。この場合は非進行性である。

(4)混合型性腺形成不全症 性腺が一側は索状性腺で、他側が精巣であり、性染色体構成は基本的にはXO/45とXY/46のモザイクを示す。外性器は男女いずれとも識別しにくいことが多く、内性器では子宮が存在する。この半陰陽の索状性腺あるいは精巣から腫瘍(しゅよう)の発生する率が高い。

 半陰陽の治療は、それぞれのタイプによって異なるが、性を決定する場合には、どちらの性でどのくらい養育されてきたか、形成手術の可能性、本人の希望、家族の希望などを十分に考慮して決定しなければならない。

[白井將文]

[参照項目] | 尿道下裂

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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