In a gas mixture, the pressure shown when each component gas occupies the same volume as the gas mixture is called the partial pressure of each component gas. For example, if the volume and temperature of the gas mixture are V and T , respectively, and the partial pressure and number of moles of each component gas are P1 , P2 , ..., Pn , n1 , n2 , ..., nn, respectively , then P1 , P2, ..., Pn, which satisfy the ideal gas equation of state P1V = n1RT , P2V = n2RT , ... , PnV = nnRT ( R is the gas constant), are called the partial pressures of each component gas. The sum of the partial pressures is the pressure (total pressure) shown by the gas mixture. In other words , P1 + P2 + ... + Pn = P (total pressure). Adding the equations of state for each component gas mentioned above, we get ( P1 + P2 + ... + Pn ) V = ( n1 + n2 + ... + nn ) RT . Therefore , PV = nRT ( n is the total number of moles of the mixed gas). This is called Dalton's Law. It is a natural result that is obtained when each component gas is an ideal gas, and since there is no intermolecular interaction, each molecule acts independently as a gas molecule. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
混合気体において,各成分の気体が混合気体と同体積を占めたと仮定したときに示す圧力をそれぞれの成分気体の分圧という。たとえば混合気体の体積,温度をそれぞれ V ,T ,各成分気体の分圧,モル数をそれぞれ,P1,P2,…,Pn,n1,n2,…,nn とすると理想気体の状態方程式 P1V=n1RT,P2V=n2RT,…,PnV=nnRT ( R は気体定数) の成立する P1,P2,…,Pn をそれぞれの成分気体の分圧という。分圧の総和が混合気体の示す圧力 (全圧 ) となる。すなわち P1+P2+…+Pn=P (全圧) である。前述の各成分気体の状態方程式を加算すると,(P1+P2+…+Pn)V=(n1+n2+…+nn)RT が成り立つ。したがって PV=nRT ( n は混合気体の総モル数) となる。これをドールトンの法則という。各成分気体が理想気体であり,分子間相互作用がないために,それぞれの分子がすべて独立に気体分子として働くと考えたとき得られる当然の結果である。
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