Balkan Problem - Balkan Problem

Japanese: バルカン問題 - バルカンもんだい

From the late 19th century to the 20th century, the Balkan Peninsula was a modern-day crossroads of independence movements by the Balkan peoples that took advantage of the decline of the Ottoman Empire, and the intervention of the Western powers led to international crises. The region was the stage for the Russo-Turkish War (1877-78, Treaty of Berlin) and the First and Second Balkan Wars (1912-13, Treaty of Bucharest), and was called the "powder keg of Europe." The region, where Russian Pan-Slavism and German-Austrian Pan-Germanism drew the "Cross of Death," was the direct cause of World War I when it exploded with the Sarajevo incident. After the war, the Versailles system and the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 confirmed Turkish territory brought a period of peace, but the political situation in the Balkans continued to be unstable, and the borders were revised again due to the invasion of Nazi Germany, which led to the German-Soviet War. After World War II, there were many conflicts such as the Hungarian Revolution, the conflict between Yugoslavia and Albania, the conflict between Greece and Turkey, the Yugoslav Civil War, and the Kosovo conflict.

Source: Obunsha World History Dictionary, Third Edition About Obunsha World History Dictionary, Third Edition

Japanese:

19世紀後半から20世紀にかけて，オスマン帝国の衰退に乗じて起こったバルカン半島諸民族の独立運動と，西欧列強の介入とによる国際危機
近現代の接点の時期に露土（ロシア−トルコ）戦争（1877〜78，ベルリン条約），第１次・第２次バルカン戦争（1912〜13，ブカレスト条約）の舞台となり，「ヨーロッパの火薬庫」といわれた。ロシアのパン−スラヴ主義とドイツ・オーストリアのパン−ゲルマン主義の路線が「死の十字架」を描くこの地区は，サライェヴォ事件の暴発で，第一次世界大戦の直接原因をつくった。戦後のヴェルサイユ体制と，1923年のローザンヌ条約でトルコ領が確定したことでいちおうの平和をみたが，バルカン諸国の政情は不安定をつづけ，ナチス−ドイツの侵略で再び国境が修正され，独ソ戦争の原因となった。第二次世界大戦後もハンガリー動乱，ユーゴスラヴィアとアルバニアの対立，ギリシアとトルコの紛争，ユーゴスラヴィア内戦，コソヴォ紛争などが起こっている。

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