An Iranian dynasty (1925-79). In 1919, the British tried to make Iran a protectorate under the Anglo-French Agreement, but the Iranian nationalist movement gained momentum and a revolutionary government, supported by the Soviet Red Army, was established in the northern provinces. Threatened by this situation, the conservative forces of Iran and the British mobilized Reza Khan (→Reza Shah), who was then commander of the Persian Cossack Brigade in Qazvin. He marched into Tehran and seized power in a coup on February 21, 1921. He became prime minister in 1923, abolished the Qajar dynasty in November 1925, and on December 16 of the same year, he took the title Reza Shah Pahlavi and became the first emperor of the Pahlavi dynasty (reigned 1925-41). He first unified the military and established a military dictatorship, declared the abolition of unequal external treaties in 1927, changed the country's name from Persia to Iran in 1935, and signed a mutual non-aggression treaty with four neighboring countries in 1937. While working to establish Iran's international standing, he also strongly promoted domestic reforms in the areas of economy, society, and education, aiming for independence as a modern nation. During World War II, he adopted a policy of neutrality, but he became too close to Germany, and in 1941, he was forced to abdicate after the invasion of British and Soviet forces, and was succeeded by Crown Prince Muhammad Reza Pahlavi (→Muhammad Reza Shah). The rise of the oil nationalization movement in 1953 threatened British and American interests and even the position of the king, but this crisis was averted by the success of a coup d'état by the royal army in August 1953 that overthrew the Mohammed Mossadegh government. Thereafter, the king's power was strengthened, and in the 1960s he implemented domestic reforms known as the Six-Point Reforms or White Revolution, as well as several annual plans, aiming to reduce the influence of the landed aristocracy and promote industry. At the same time, he played an important role as a leader among the oil-producing countries of the Middle East, and promoted an active and flexible foreign policy that improved relations with the Soviet Union and even went so far as to recognize China. However, the rapid promotion of modernization and industrialization policies led to a crisis in the domestic economy and unsettled people, leading to repeated anti-regime demonstrations and frequent strikes from 1978 onwards. The king tried to settle the situation by ordering the economic technocrat Amzegar, Sharif Emami, who had influence in the religious world, Chief of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Azhari, and Bakhtiyar, a former member of the National Front, to form a cabinet, but failed. On February 11, 1979, the Pahlavi dynasty collapsed after the opposition forces seized control of Tehran. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
イランの王朝 (1925~79) 。 1919年,英仏協定によってイランを保護領にしようとしたイギリスに対して,イランの民族運動が高揚,ソビエト赤軍の援助を受けた革命政権が北部諸州に樹立された。この事態に脅かされたイランの保守勢力とイギリスは当時カズビーンのペルシア・コサック旅団長であったレザー・ハーン (→レザー・シャー ) を動かした。彼はテヘランに進軍,21年2月 21日クーデターによって実権を掌握した。彼は 23年首相となり,25年 11月にはカージャール朝を廃止,同年 12月 16日みずからレザー・シャー・パフラビーの称号をもってパフラビー朝初代皇帝に即位した (在位 1925~41) 。彼はまず軍隊を統一して軍部独裁制を確立,27年対外不平等条約の廃棄を宣言し,35年国号を従来のペルシアからイランに代え,37年には隣接4ヵ国と相互不可侵条約を締結。イランの対外的地位の確立に努める一方,経済,社会,教育の各方面にわたる内政改革を強力に推進して近代国家としての自立を目指した。第2次世界大戦に際して中立政策をとったが,ドイツへの接近が著しく,41年英ソ両軍の侵入を招いて退位を強いられ,皇太子ムハンマド・レザー・パフラビー (→ムハンマド・レザー・シャー ) が跡を継いだ。 53年の石油国有化運動の高揚は,英米の利権や国王の地位さえ危うくしたが,53年8月の国王軍によるムハンマド・モサッデグ内閣打倒クーデターの成功によってこの危機を回避,以後,王権は強化され,60年代には六点改革あるいは白色革命と称する内政改革および数回の年次計画を遂行して,地主貴族階級の勢力削減と産業振興をはかった。一方,中東石油産出諸国のリーダーとして重きをなし,またソ連との関係をも好転させつつ,中国の承認に踏切るという積極的かつ柔軟性に富んだ外交政策を推進した。しかし近代化・工業化政策の急激な推進は国内経済の危機を招き,人心の動揺をもたらし,78年からは反体制デモが繰返され,ストライキが多発する事態となった。国王は経済テクノクラートのアムゼガル,宗教界に影響力をもつシャリーフ・エマーミー,統合参謀総長のアズハリー,旧国民戦線系のバフティヤルに次々と組閣を命じ,事態の収拾をはかったが失敗。 79年2月 11日,反体制勢力のテヘラン市制圧によってパフラビー朝は崩壊した。
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