Bakhtin (English notation) Михаил Михайлович Бахтин/Mihail Mihaylovich Bahtin

Japanese: バフチン - ばふちん(英語表記)Михаил Михайлович Бахтин/Mihail Mihaylovich Bahtin
Bakhtin (English notation) Михаил Михайлович Бахтин/Mihail Mihaylovich Bahtin

Soviet literary scholar and aesthetician. Since the early 1920s, he has written many books on literature and aesthetics, but the only ones published at the time were "Problems of Dostoevsky's Creation" (1929), which explained the polyphonic character of Dostoevsky's works, and a few short essays. His other works were not published mainly for political reasons, and only saw the light of day in 1963, when a revised version of the above-mentioned book, "Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics," was published. His work, based on his own dialogue theory and utilizing an extremely wide range of knowledge in literary studies, literary history, art history, folklore, linguistics, psychology, history, and intellectual history, has been highly praised not only in the former Soviet Union but also around the world. His major works include the above-mentioned theory on Dostoevsky, and "The Works of Francois Rabelais and Popular Culture of the Middle Ages and Renaissance" (1965), which destroys the narrow-minded modernist interpretation of Rabelais by focusing on the theory of "the laughter of the people" and carnival. In addition, "Problems of Literature and Aesthetics" (1975) and "Aesthetics of Linguistic Works" (1979), which are collections of works related to the linguistics of novels, were published posthumously.

Furthermore, today it is widely believed that works under Voloshinov's name, such as Freudianism (1927) and Marxism and the Philosophy of Language (1929), as well as works under Medvedev's name, such as Formal Methods in Literary Research (1928), are in fact Bakhtin's. If one follows this theory, then Bakhtin would be both the advocate of "Marxist semiotics" and a representative figure who criticized Russian Formalism from an immanent perspective.

[Takashi Kuwano July 20, 2018]

"On Dostoevsky: Problems of Creative Method" translated by Shintani Keizaburo (1968, Fuyukisha)""The Works of Francois Rabelais and the Popular Culture of the Middle Ages and Renaissance" translated by Kawabata Kaori (1974, Serika Shobo)""Marxism and the Philosophy of Language" translated by Kuwano Takashi (1976/Revised translation, 1989, Miraisha)""The Collected Works of Mikhail Bakhtin, translated by Ito Ichiro et al., 8 volumes (1979-1988, Shinjidaisha)""Bakhtin: Dialogue and the Laughter of Liberation" by Kuwano Takashi (1987/New edition, 2002, Iwanami Shoten)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ソ連の文芸学者、美学者。1920年代初頭より、文学・美学関係の著作を数多くものしていたが、当時公刊されたのは、ドストエフスキーの作品がもつポリフォニー的性格を解明した『ドストエフスキーの創作の諸問題』(1929)と、数編の小論のみである。その他の著作は、おもに政治的理由のために出版されず、前記の著書の改訂版『ドストエフスキーの詩学の諸問題』が出た1963年以降になってようやく日の目をみている。独自の対話論を根底に据え、文芸学、文学史、芸術史、民俗学、言語学、心理学、歴史学、思想史等々のきわめて幅広い知識を駆使したその仕事は、旧ソ連諸国内のみならず世界的にもひときわ高い評価を受けている。主著としては、上述のドストエフスキー論のほか、ラブレーに対する狭隘(きょうあい)な近代化解釈を「民衆の笑い」論、カーニバル論を軸にして打ち砕いた『フランソワ・ラブレーの作品と中世・ルネッサンスの民衆文化』(1965)があげられる。また、小説のことば論関係の著作その他を集めた『文学と美学の諸問題』(1975)と『言語作品の美学』(1979)が、死後に出版されている。

 さらに、今日では、『フロイト主義』(1927)や『マルクス主義と言語哲学』(1929)をはじめとするボロシノフ名義の著作、『文学研究における形式的方法』(1928)といったメドベジェフ名義の著作も、事実上バフチンのものである、との説が有力になっている。この説に従う立場をとるならば、バフチンは「マルクス主義的記号学」の主唱者でもあり、ロシア・フォルマリズムを内在的に批判した代表的人物でもあった、ということになる。

[桑野 隆 2018年7月20日]

『新谷敬三郎訳『ドストエフスキイ論――創作方法の諸問題』(1968・冬樹社)』『川端香男里訳『フランソワ・ラブレーの作品と中世・ルネッサンスの民衆文化』(1974・せりか書房)』『桑野隆訳『マルクス主義と言語哲学』(1976/改訳版・1989・未来社)』『伊東一郎他訳『ミハイル・バフチン著作集』全8巻(1979~1988・新時代社)』『桑野隆著『バフチン――〈対話〉そして〈解放の笑い〉』(1987/新版・2002・岩波書店)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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