Babylon - Babylon (English spelling)

Japanese: バビロン - ばびろん(英語表記)Babylon
Babylon - Babylon (English spelling)

An ancient city that flourished as the capital of ancient Babylonia and Neo-Babylonia (Chaldean dynasty). Its ruins are located on the banks of the Euphrates River, about 110 km south of Baghdad, the capital of the Republic of Iraq. Babylon's name is the Greek form of Bab-il, a Babylonian translation of the Sumerian Ka-dingir (Gate of God), from which the Hebrew word Babel was derived, or Bab-irani, a plural form of Il (God), and it was originally an ancient sacred area in Mesopotamia. Records of Babylon date back to the time of Akkadian King Sharkali-Sharr (around 2300 BC), but it flourished most during the reign of the First Babylonian Dynasty, especially the reign of King Hammurabi (reigned 1792-1750 BC or 1728-1686 BC). Babylon was repaired and rebuilt under Nebuchadnezzar II (reigned 605-562 BC), the second king of the Neo-Babylonia (Chaldean dynasty, 625-539 BC), who succeeded the 9th Babylonian dynasty, but the dynasty fell in 539 BC after an attack by the Achaemenid Empire of Persia.After Alexander the Great of Macedonia, who next entered the area, died here, and Babylon fell into decline as Seleucia was built nearby under the Seleucid dynasty (Kingdom of Syria).

There are many legends and descriptions of Babylon in the Old and New Testaments, as well as by classical ancient writers (especially Herodotus). The Old Testament contains accounts of the Tower of Babel (ziggurat), the Babylonian conquest of the Kingdom of Judah, the Babylonian Captivity (597 BC, 586 BC) and the return from Babylon, and the fall of Babylon. Among these, the Book of Jeremiah, which expresses anger at the tyranny of Babylon (Neo-Babylonia) and predicts its downfall, and Psalm 137, which sings of the suffering of the captivity, are particularly well known.

In modern times, the history, religion, and society of Babylon have been clarified considerably from cuneiform documents such as the Code of Hammurabi, the Babylonian New Year Festival (Akitu Festival) documents, and many chronicles. In addition, a German research team under the direction of R. Koldeva excavated the site from 1899 to 1917, and mainly identified Babylon under the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (the walls on both sides of the Euphrates, the central ziggurat, the Ishtar Gate and passage, the remains of the so-called Hanging Gardens, etc.).

[Yajima Fumio]

"Nineveh and Babylon: A Sequel to Biblical Archaeology" by Paro, translated by Seiji Hagii (1959, Misuzu Shobo) "Babylon" by J. G. McKean, translated by Hiroshi Iwanaga (1976, Hosei University Press)

Ruins of Babylon
Ruins of the ancient Babylonian city. The photo shows part of the double gate of the Ishtar Gate. Southern suburb of Baghdad, Iraq ©Shogakukan ">

Ruins of Babylon


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古代バビロニアおよび新バビロニア(カルデア朝)の首都として繁栄した古代都市。その遺跡はイラク共和国の首都バグダード南方約110キロメートルのユーフラテス川河畔にある。バビロンの名は、シュメール語カ・ディンギル「神の門」を、バビロニア語に訳したバーブ・イル(ここからヘブライ語バベルが出た)、あるいはイル「神」を複数にしたバーブ・イラーニのギリシア語形で、もとここはメソポタミアの古い神域であった。バビロンについての記録はアッカド朝シャルカリシャッリ王(前2300ころ)にさかのぼるが、もっとも繁栄したのはバビロン第1王朝、とりわけ英主ハムラビ王(在位前1792~前1750または前1728~前1686)の時代であった。バビロン第9王朝を継ぐ新バビロニア(カルデア王朝、前625~前539)の第2代ネブカドネザル2世(在位前605~前562)のもとでバビロンは新たに補修・造営されたが、前539年にアケメネス朝ペルシアの攻撃を受けてこの王朝は倒れ、ついでこの地に入ったマケドニアのアレクサンドロス大王がここで没してから、セレウコス朝(シリア王国)のもとで近くにセレウキアが建設されたためにバビロンは衰退した。

 バビロンについては『旧・新約聖書』、古典古代の著述家(とくにヘロドトス)が種々の伝承・記述を伝えている。『旧約聖書』では、いわゆるバベルの塔(ジッグラト)、バビロニアによるユダ王国の征服、バビロン捕囚(前597、前586)とバビロンからの帰還、バビロンの陥落などが記されており、とりわけバビロン(新バビロニア)の横暴を憤り、その滅亡を予言する「エレミヤ書」、捕囚の苦しみを歌う「詩篇(しへん)」第137篇などはよく知られている。

 近代になって、ハムラビ法典やバビロンの新年祭(アキトゥー祭)文書、多くの年代記などの楔形(くさびがた)文字文書から、バビロンをめぐる歴史、宗教、社会などがかなり明らかになった。また1899~1917年にはR・コルデウァイの指揮下にドイツ調査団がこの地を発掘し、主としてネブカドネザル2世治下のバビロン(ユーフラテスを挟む城壁、中央のジッグラト、イシュタル門と通り、いわゆる空中庭園の跡など)が確認された。

[矢島文夫]

『パロ著、波木居斉二訳『ニネヴェとバビロン――続・聖書の考古学』(1959・みすず書房)』『J・G・マッキーン著、岩永博訳『バビロン』(1976・法政大学出版局)』

バビロンの遺跡
バビロニアの古代都市遺跡。写真は二重の門からなるイシュタル門の一部。イラク バグダード南郊©Shogakukan">

バビロンの遺跡


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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