Flower language - Hanakotoba (English)

Japanese: 花言葉 - はなことば(英語表記)flower language
Flower language - Hanakotoba (English)

Also written as hanakotoba. A flower or plant is given a specific meaning based on its color, fragrance, shape, or characteristics, and has been used as a symbol or emblem by various ethnic groups, religions, and folklore since ancient times. Flowers are also spoken of in myths and legends, and people have had the custom of entrusting their own feelings and will to flowers to express them. Greek mythology is particularly rich in stories about flowers, and the story of the beautiful young boy Narcissus, who abandoned Echo, a forest nymph who loved him, incurring the wrath of the goddess Nemesis and being turned into a daffodil flower is well known. Based on this myth, the daffodil is a flower that means "self-love" and "selfishness" in England, and "foolishness" and "you only love yourself" in France. These flower meanings that were born from Greek and Roman myths and legends, and Christian religious symbols, are said to be common to almost all European countries.

Since the Middle Ages, a custom has also arisen of sending flowers to loved ones to convey one's wishes, and of showing one's response by sending a bouquet in return. However, the meanings differ depending on which flower is chosen and in which country. For example, the azalea, whose flower language is "temperance," is likened to the sun with its fiery red color in Japan, and in Japan, it is customary to hang it high at the entrance of a house on April 8th, calling it "Tendouka," or "Tendouka," in the lunar calendar. Red is considered the color of joy in Japan and China, but in India it is said to represent anger. As for the color yellow, the Japanese flower Adonis, which celebrates the New Year, has the flower language of "bringing happiness," and is revered as a precious color in China, but in the West it is considered ominous, associated with twilight, decadence, illness, and death, and its flower language is "sad memories." The bay laurel tree is revered as a symbol of glory, but when it blooms with yellow flowers, it means "distrust" and "betrayal." Purple is also considered a noble color in Japan, but has a connotation of sadness in the West.

In Japan, too, people tried to convey their intentions by giving specific meanings to the shape of flowers. The custom of giving gifts with flowers or tree twigs, conveying one's intentions through flowers, and expressing romantic feelings through the color of flowers were seen in the Heian period. There is also a famous story about Ota Dokan, who was caught in the rain while hunting and asked a local house to lend him rain gear, and a young woman handed him a branch of Yamabuki and explained that she did not have a raincoat. However, the flower language of Yamabuki is unrelated to this historical story and is said to be "sublime" and "impatient". Cherry blossoms, which have been loved by Japanese people since ancient times, are said to have bloomed all over the country since Konohanasakuyahime-no-mikoto descended from heaven to the top of Mount Fuji and sowed seeds, and they are also a flower that represents the hope of a good harvest. And they were not only loved for their external beauty, but also symbolized the deep Japanese spirit, such as elegance and the pathos of things. Therefore, the flower's meaning in Japan is "spiritual beauty," and the mountain cherry blossom in particular has the flower meanings of "purity," "innocence," "nobility," and "beauty."

Many of the flower meanings used in Japan today are foreign, especially European. However, interest in flowers has not been weak in Japan either, and people all over the country have used flowering to mark the passage of the seasons. In the early modern period, flower calendars were also made that listed the names of flowers according to their flowering season, and provided information about famous places to see each flower.

[Tadahiko Kuraishi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

花詞とも書く。その色、香り、形、形質などの特質に基づいて、ある花や植物に特定の意味をもたせたもので、古くからさまざまな民族、宗教、民俗などにおいて象徴や標章として用いられた。花は神話や伝説のなかにおいても語られ、それによって花に自己の感情や意志を託して表現する風習が行われてきた。なかでもギリシア神話には花にまつわる物語が多く、美少年ナルキッソスが自分に思いを寄せる森の精(ニンフ)エコーを捨てたために、女神ネメシスの怒りに触れスイセンの花に変えられてしまった話は広く知られている。この神話がもとになって、スイセンはイギリスでは「自己愛」「自己主義」、フランスでは「愚かさ」「あなたはあなた自身だけを愛している」などを意味する花になっている。こうしたギリシア・ローマの神話・伝説によるものや、キリスト教の宗教的シンボルによって生まれた花言葉は、ヨーロッパの国々にほぼ共通したものとして伝えられている。

 そして中世以来、愛する女性に花を贈って意志を伝え、その返事も花束を贈り返すことによって示す風習なども生まれた。しかし花のどこを取り上げるかによって、また国によって、その意味も違っているものがある。たとえば「節制」を花言葉とするツツジも、日本ではその燃えるような赤色を太陽に見立て、旧4月8日に天道花などとよんで家の門口に高く掲げる習俗があり、赤は日本や中国では喜びの色とされているが、インドでは怒りを表すとされる。黄色についても、日本のフクジュソウなどは正月を寿(ことほ)ぐ花で、花言葉は「しあわせを招く」とされているし、中国では貴重な色として崇拝するが、西洋では黄昏(たそがれ)、退廃、病気、死などを連想する不吉なものとされ、その花言葉は「悲しき思い出」である。ゲッケイジュの木は栄光のシンボルとして貴ばれるが、黄色の花が咲くと「不信」「裏切り」の意味をもつ。紫も日本では高貴な色とされているが、西洋では悲しみの意味をもっている。

 花の形状などによって特定の意味を与え、それによって意志を伝えたりしようとすることは日本でも行われた。花や木の小枝を添えて贈答する風習や、花に託して自分の意志を伝えたり、花の色に恋心を詠み込んだりすることは平安時代にもみられた。また、太田道灌(どうかん)が狩りで雨にあった際、民家に雨具の借用を請うたところ、乙女がヤマブキの一枝を差し出して蓑(みの)がないことを伝えた話は有名である。ただしヤマブキの花言葉はこうした故事とはかかわりなく、「崇高」「待ちかねる」とされている。日本人が古来愛してきたサクラは、木花開耶姫命(このはなさくやひめのみこと)が富士山頂に天降(あまくだ)って種を播(ま)いて以来、国中に咲き乱れるようになったものであると伝え、また豊作の期待が込められた花でもあった。そして単にその外見的な美しさが愛されただけではなく、風雅・もののあわれなど日本の深い心を象徴する花であった。そのため日本での花言葉は「精神美」であり、ことにヤマザクラは「純潔」「淡泊」「高尚」「美麗」などの花言葉をもっている。

 現在、わが国で用いられている花言葉は、外国ことにヨーロッパのものが多い。しかし日本でも花に対する関心が弱かったわけではなく、開花によって季節の推移を測ることは各地で行われていた。また開花期に従って花の名を順に記し、それぞれの名所などをあげた花暦が近世にはつくられていた。

[倉石忠彦]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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