Glyoxylate cycle

Japanese: グリオキシル酸回路 - ぐりおきしるさんかいろ(英語表記)glyoxylate cycle
Glyoxylate cycle

A metabolic pathway found only in microorganisms and plants. It is a synthetic pathway used when microorganisms grow with acetate as their only carbon and energy source, and when oilseeds in plants germinate, and was proposed by H. A. Krebs and others in 1957. It is a cyclic pathway similar to part of the citric acid cycle (also known as the TCA cycle), in which two molecules of acetate are taken up and one molecule of succinic acid is produced per cycle. Bacteria that use acetate as a carbon source use this pathway to produce sugars and other biological components.

In higher plants, when seeds that store fat germinate, the enzymes of this pathway are expressed, converting stored fat into sugars, from which biocomponents are produced. The enzymes of this pathway, along with the enzymes of the β-oxidation system, are localized in intracellular granules called glyoxysomes, and their activity increases in the early stages of germination, but decreases in the later stages.

[Seiichi Yoshida]

The glyoxylate cycle shares a pathway with the TCA cycle, and serves as a bypass for the TCA cycle. In the TCA cycle, the two carbon atoms in the acetyl group (CH 3 CO-) of acetyl coenzyme A become two molecules of carbon dioxide, but in the glyoxylate cycle, two acetyl groups are incorporated to produce succinic acid, which has four carbon atoms. This succinic acid is further modified to become sugars and amino acids. Fats are also broken down into acetyl coenzyme A before entering this cycle. Higher animals do not have this cycle, so they cannot produce sugars from fats.

[Yasushi Iijima]

[Reference item] | TCA circuit
Glyoxylate Cycle
©Shogakukan ">

Glyoxylate Cycle


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

微生物と植物にだけ存在する代謝経路。微生物が酢酸だけを炭素源およびエネルギー源として生育するときや、植物の脂肪種子が発芽する際に用いる合成経路で、1957年H・A・クレブスらによって提唱された。クエン酸回路(TCA回路ともいう)の一部と類似した環状の経路で、この回路のなかに2分子の酢酸が取り込まれ、回路を1回転すると1分子のコハク酸が生成される。酢酸を炭素源とする細菌では、この経路によって糖をつくりだし、さらに生体構成物質をつくる。

 高等植物では、脂肪を貯蔵物質とする種子が発芽する際にこの経路の酵素群が発現して貯蔵脂肪が糖に変えられ、これから生体成分がつくられる。この回路の酵素はβ(ベータ)‐酸化系の酵素とともにグリオキシゾームという細胞内の顆粒(かりゅう)に局在し、発芽初期に活性が高くなるが、発芽後期には活性が減少する。

[吉田精一]

 グリオキシル酸回路はTCA回路と共有する経路をもち、TCA回路の側路となる。TCA回路の場合、アセチル補酵素Aのアセチル基(CH3CO-)の2個の炭素原子は2分子の二酸化炭素になってしまうが、グリオキシル酸回路の場合は、アセチル基2個を取り込んで炭素原子4個からなるコハク酸が生ずる。このコハク酸はさらに変化を受けて糖やアミノ酸になる。脂肪もアセチル補酵素Aにまで分解されてからこの回路に入る。高等動物にはこの回路がないので、脂肪から糖をつくりだすことはできない。

[飯島康輝]

[参照項目] | TCA回路
グリオキシル酸回路
©Shogakukan">

グリオキシル酸回路


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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