Born: February 24, 1956. Cleveland, Ohio. American philosopher. Full name: Judith Pamela Butler. Famous as a theorist on gender and sexuality. Studied philosophy at Yale University, and received her PhD in 1984. Taught at many universities, and became the Maxine Elliott Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at the University of California, Berkeley in 1998. Her book Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Disruption of Identity (1990) has been a major influence as a representative work on the social construction of gender. In this book, Butler points out that sex (biological sex), gender (social sex), and sexuality are considered to be consistent in society, and anything that deviates from this is rejected. She also argues that gender and gender identity (gender identity, sexual identity) do not come first and then gender expression is born from them, but rather that gender is constructed through the repeated performance of gender expression, and gender identity is also born in the process. Furthermore, he repositioned that sex and gender cannot be separated, and that the very concept of biological sex is socially constructed. (→ Feminism, Lesbian and Gay Studies) Butler
Butler, Nicholas Murray Born April 2, 1862 in Elizabeth, New Jersey.
[Died] December 7, 1947. New York American educator. He studied at Columbia University, and after being influenced by the president, F. Bernard, he aspired to become an educator. He obtained his doctorate in 1884, studied abroad in Berlin and Paris for one year, and became an assistant professor of philosophy at Columbia University in 1885. He became a professor of philosophy and education in 1890, and was president from 1901 to 1945, and was president emeritus in 1945. During his term as president of the Association of Industrial Education, he played a central role in the establishment of the New York Teachers College (later Teachers College, Columbia University). In his younger years, he was critical of contemporary educational methods, but in later years he defended the "great tradition" of education and criticized educational reform, scathingly criticizing professionalization and activism as "neo-barbarism." He was an active Republican for more than half a century, and often served as a delegate to national conventions. He also worked energetically to promote international understanding, helping to establish the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, serving as its director and then chairman (1925-45), and in 1931 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize along with J. Adams. His major work is Across the Busy Years (2 volumes, 39-40). Butler
Butler, Benjamin Franklin Born November 5, 1818 in Deerfield, New Hampshire
Died: January 11, 1893, Washington, DC
American lawyer, soldier, and politician. He practiced law in Lowell, Massachusetts. He joined the Democratic Party and served as a member of the Massachusetts State Assembly (1853-59). He joined the Southern Democratic Party in the 1860 presidential election, but when the Civil War broke out, he advocated for the preservation of the Union. He became a brigadier general in the Massachusetts militia and served as the Union commander in the occupation of Baltimore. In 1861, he was promoted to major general, and as commander of Fort Monroe in Virginia, he refused to return fugitive slaves to their owners. In 1862, he led the army that occupied New Orleans, and forced the confiscation of property of Confederate sympathizers. After the war, he served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1867 to 1875 and from 1877 to 1879 as a member of the radical Republican Party. He left the Republican Party to support the Greenback Movement and switched to the Democratic Party. He was governor of Massachusetts in 1882. He was the candidate of the Antimonopoly Party and Greenback Party coalition in the 1884 presidential election, but did not receive a single electoral vote. Butler
Butler, Joseph Born 18 May 1692, Wantage, Berkshire
[died] June 16, 1752, Bath. English theologian and philosopher. He attended the Nonconformist Academy in Gloucester. Later, dissatisfied with Presbyterianism, he joined the Church of England. After graduating from Oxford University, he was ordained a priest in 1718. He became Bishop of Bristol in 1738 and Bishop of Durham in 1750. His main works include Fifteen Sermons (1726) and The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature (1736). In the latter, Butler defended orthodox Christian doctrine as a revealed religion against the trend of Deism and rationalism that was spreading in England at the time. Butler
Butler, Henry Montagu Born: July 2, 1833, Gayton, Northamptonshire
Died January 14, 1918. British educator in Cambridge. Son of George Butler, headmaster of Harrow School. Educated at Harrow School and Cambridge University, he became headmaster of Harrow School in 1859 at the age of 26, a position he held until 1885. Sympathetic to the scientific ideas of the time, he officially introduced natural science into the curriculum, and in 1869 established a "modern department" on the condition that only students who achieved satisfactory results in the classical department would be allowed to advance to higher education. In 1886 he was appointed Head of Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1901 he was Governor of Harrow School. In 1912 he was appointed Court Chaplain under the direct command of the King. His works include Some Leisure Hours of Long Life (1914). Butler
Butler, Samuel Born: 4 December 1835, Langer, Nottinghamshire
[Died] June 18, 1902, London. British novelist. He initially studied at Cambridge University with the aim of becoming a priest, but was dissatisfied with the existing Christian religion, and went to New Zealand, where he became a successful sheep farmer. He returned to the UK in 1864 and, while continuing to paint and compose music, he also pursued writing. He wrote a utopian novel, Erewhon (1872), which satirized Victorian society, an autobiographical novel, The Way of All Flesh (1903), which depicted the history of his family while attacking hypocritical religion and ethics, as well as works on religion and evolution, and a sequel to Erewhon, Erewhon Revisited (01). Butler
Butler, Samuel Born: 8 February 1612. Baptised: Strensham, Worcestershire
Died September 25, 1680, London. British satirical poet. Known as "Butler of Hudibras" to distinguish him from the 19th century writer of the same name. He served the royal court and later became a clerk to a colonel in the Puritan army. During this time he developed a strong antipathy towards the Puritans, and after the Restoration he wrote a narrative poem, Hudibras (3 volumes, 1663, 64, 78), thoroughly satirizing the hypocrisy and folly of the Puritans. It is said that Charles II liked this work and gave the author a pension, but he suffered from poverty in his later years and is often cited as an example of an underprivileged literary figure. Butler
Butler, Reg Born: April 28, 1913, Buntingford
[Died] October 23, 1981, Berkhamsted British sculptor. He initially studied architecture, and worked as an architect from 1937 to 1950, after which he devoted himself to sculpture. In 1953, he attracted attention when he won a competition to design a memorial statue for the "Unknown Political Prisoners." In the 1950s, he created bizarre, insect-like human figures made of chains, and was seen as one of the leading figures of postwar British sculpture, alongside L. Chadwick and K. Armitage. He later became increasingly abstract, but in the 1970s he changed to a more realistic style. Butler
Butler, Richard Austen Born: December 9, 1902, Attock Serai, India
[Died] March 8, 1982. Essex British politician. Graduated from Cambridge University. First elected as a Conservative member of the House of Commons in 1929. Became Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Labour in 1937, Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs in 1938, and Secretary of State for Education in 1944. When the Conservative government was formed again as a result of the general election in 1951, he served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, Home Secretary, Deputy Prime Minister, and Foreign Secretary. During that time, he also served as Leader of the House of Commons. Became a member of the House of Lords in January 1965. Butler
Butler, David Edgeworth [Born] 1924
British political scientist. Graduated from Oxford University. Since 1954, he has been a professor at Knifld College, Oxford. As a central figure in the Knifld Electoral Research Group, he has analyzed British general elections for many years. His main work is The British General Election, which is published the year after each general election. Butler
Butler, Walter [raw]?
Died October 30, 1781, Mohawk Valley, New York. Loyalist general during the American Revolutionary War. On November 11, 1778, he led a combined force of Loyalist and Indian troops in an attack on Cherry Valley in the Province of New York, massacring 30 residents and terrorizing the region. In 1781, he was killed in battle during an attack on the Mohawk Valley. Butler
Butler A city in western Pennsylvania, USA. It is located about 48 km north of Pittsburgh. With the oil, natural gas, limestone, iron ore, and coal produced in the area as a backdrop, various industries such as steel, chemicals, glass, food, wood, metals, and paper have developed. It is also a distribution center for agricultural products. Population 15,714 (1990). Butler
Butler, Pierce Born: July 11, 1866 in Minnesota
[Died] February 15, 1939. Philadelphia. American lawyer. Opened a law practice in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1897. Served as a Supreme Court justice from 1923 to 1939. A conservative, he opposed F. Roosevelt's New Deal policies. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
