Abbreviation of program evaluation and review technique. A type of schedule planning and management technique that mathematically represents the progress of a project and often uses a computer to manage it. It is famous for being first used by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1958 to manage the schedule for the development of Polaris missiles for submarines. PERT covers a wide range of projects, including research and development, construction of structures, and preparation for events. A project is divided into the smallest units of elemental work, and the execution order of the elemental work is expressed in an arrow diagram. The length of the arrow corresponds to the estimated number of days (or hours) required for the elemental work. If the estimated number of days includes uncertainties, the longest and shortest estimates and a probability distribution are given. Based on the information in the arrow diagram, PERT uses a computer to calculate the number of days required for the entire project or its probability distribution, the elemental work that is a constraint on the schedule, and the slack of other elemental work, and manages the progress of the most urgent work. PERT is often used in the construction of buildings, and it is said that the construction of a large dam requires a diagram with thousands of element tasks. Extensions of PERT include resource-constrained PERT, which plans how much of what kind of resources are needed when work is concentrated (such as dump trucks and cranes for civil engineering work) and how to schedule things to minimize delays when resources are constrained; and critical path method (CPM), which plans how much extra cost should be spent on each element of a project to shorten the overall project schedule. [Katsuaki Ono] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
program evaluation and review techniqueの略。プロジェクトの進行を数学的に表現し、しばしばコンピュータを利用して管理を実施する、日程計画・管理のための技法の一種。1958年アメリカ国防総省でポラリス潜水艦用ミサイル開発のスケジュールを管理するために初めて適用されたことで有名である。PERTにおけるプロジェクトとしては研究開発、構造物の建設、催し物の開催準備など、さまざまなものが対象となる。プロジェクトを最小単位の要素作業に分け、要素作業間の実行順序を矢線図(アローダイヤグラムarrow diagram)に表現する。そして矢の長さと要素作業の所要予定日数(または時間数)を対応させる。予定日数に不確定要素を含む場合は、最長・最短の見積りと、確率分布を与える。PERTでは、この矢線図の情報に基づいて、プロジェクト全体の所要日数またはその確率分布、日程の制約となっている要素作業、その他の要素作業の余裕度などをコンピュータにより計算し、緊急度の高い作業を優先的に進捗(しんちょく)させるように管理する。建造物の建設などにPERTはよく利用されており、大規模なダムの建設などには数千の要素作業をもった矢線図が必要といわれている。 PERTの拡張としては、作業が集中するときどのような資源をどれだけ必要とするか(土木作業ならダンプカーやクレーンなど)、資源に制約がある場合は日程をどのように組むのがいちばん遅れを少なくできるかを計画する資源制約型PERT、プロジェクト全体の日程を短縮したい場合、どの要素作業にどれだけ上積み経費をかけて作業日数を短縮すればよいかなどの計画を行うCPM(critical path method)などがある。 [小野勝章] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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