An Imperial Rescript issued by Emperor Meiji to the Army and Navy on January 4, 1882 (Meiji 15). Its official title is "Imperial Rescript given to the Army and Navy Officers." Unlike other Imperial Rescripts written in classical Chinese, this one is written in simple Japanese with a mixture of hiragana and literary style, and is written in an easy-to-understand conversational style, totaling 2,700 characters. It consists of a preamble explaining the history of Japan's military system and emphasizing that the Emperor is the supreme commander of the military, a main text explaining the five principles that soldiers should follow - loyalty, courtesy, valor, faith, and simplicity - and a concluding text calling for them to follow these principles wholeheartedly. Its distinctive features are that it made clear that the Emperor held supreme power over the military and horses, providing a basis for the argument for the independence of command, that it placed loyalty as the number one virtue for a soldier, and that obedience to the orders of one's superiors was the same as obedience to the orders of the Emperor, that it taught that soldiers should not get involved in politics, and that they should not be misled by small matters of loyalty and erroneously follow the general principles, making clear its intention to prevent instability in the military and to establish a spiritual pillar for it in light of the social conditions of the time, such as the Seinan War, the Takebashi Incident, and the Freedom and People's Rights Movement. As spiritual teachings for soldiers, the Army Readings and Navy Readings, which outlined the daily habits of soldiers, had already been issued in February 1872 (Meiji 5), and in August 1878, immediately after the Takebashi Incident, the Minister of the Army, Yamagata Aritomo, had issued a military admonition. This was further developed into an Imperial Rescript, which demanded absolute obedience to the Emperor. Therefore, this Imperial Rescript had a strong meaning of warning against the trends of the time, but as the Emperor System was established and the military occupied a unique and privileged position as the Emperor's army, it came to be considered important as the spiritual core of the military. Soldiers were then required to believe in it as a golden code, and eventually they were forced to memorize the entire text of the long text. On June 19, 1948 (Showa 23), the Diet resolved to invalidate the Imperial Rescript on Education and other documents. [Akira Fujiwara] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
1882年(明治15)1月4日、明治天皇が陸海軍人に下した勅諭。正式名称は「陸海軍軍人に賜はりたる勅諭」。他の勅語が漢文調であるのと異なり、平仮名交じりの平易な和文調で、文語体ではあるが、わかりやすい語りかけの体裁をとり、2700字に及ぶ長文となっている。内容は、わが国の兵制の沿革を説き、天皇が軍の最高統率者であることを強調した前文と、忠節、礼儀、武勇、信義、質素の5か条を軍人の守るべき教えとして解説した主文、および、これらを誠心をもって実行するよう求めた後文とからなっている。その特徴は、天皇が兵馬の大権を掌握することを明らかにし、統帥権独立論に根拠を与えた点、忠節を第一の軍人の徳目とし、上官の命に服従することは天皇の命令に服従することであると説いている点、軍人が政治に関与すべきではないと教え、小節の信義に惑って大綱の順逆を誤るなと説くなど、西南戦争、竹橋事件、自由民権運動などの当時の社会情勢に関連して軍隊の動揺を防止し、その精神的支柱を確立しようとする意図が明らかにされている点にある。 軍人に対する精神的な教えとしては、すでに1872年(明治5)2月、軍人の日常の心得を示した陸軍読法、海軍読法が出され、さらに78年8月、竹橋事件直後に陸軍卿(きょう)山県有朋(やまがたありとも)により軍人訓誡(くんかい)が達せられていたが、これをさらに進めて、天皇への絶対服従を要求した勅諭の下賜となったのである。したがってこの勅諭は、当時の時流に対する戒めという意味が強かったが、天皇制が確立し、軍隊が天皇の軍隊として独自の特権的地位を占めるにしたがって、軍隊の精神的中核として重要視されるようになった。そして軍人に対しては、これを金科玉条として信奉することが要求され、ついには長文の全文を暗誦(あんしょう)することが強制されるようになった。1948年(昭和23)6月19日、国会で教育勅語などとともにその失効を決議された。 [藤原 彰] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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