It is a vehicle carried by the divine spirits during the procession of festivals. It is also read as "shinyo" and written as mikoshi. Japanese divine spirits usually reside in the sky or beyond the sea, and visit human villages periodically at the invitation of people, or temporarily at the will of the divine spirits, to accept festivals and express their will. Therefore, shrine buildings were built for each festival and demolished after the festival. The word "yashiro" originally meant "house-shiro," meaning a place where shrine buildings were constructed for festivals. As shrine architecture progressed and became more solid and magnificent, and there was a desire for the divine spirits to always be nearby and watch over them, shrine buildings became permanent. However, the idea that divine spirits visit each time there is a festival remained, and a form was created in which the divine spirits depart from the shrine buildings and parade around the village. The objects that the divine spirits reside in are the Kasaboko (floor pole), the Dashi (float), and the Bonden (Buddha). Sometimes, young boys or priests become corpses. The Mikoshi (portable shrine) is one of them. The procession of the divine spirits was originally held late at night, but from the Heian period, there were more daytime festivals, mainly in Kyoto, and as daytime Shinko festivals became common, spectators gathered and the festivals changed into "festivals to watch." As a result, the Shinko processions became more splendid, and the Mikoshi (portable shrine) came to be used as the vehicle for the central divine spirit. The Mikoshi is modeled after the Imperial Phoenix Pavilion (Horen), and comes in square, hexagonal, octagonal, and other shapes. It is common for a phoenix or leek flower to be placed on the roof, and for the base to have two carrying poles. There are also plain wooden mikoshi, small children's mikoshi, barrel mikoshi, and sakaki mikoshi. When a mikoshi is carried, the deity's spirit is transferred to the shrine first, and the mikoshi takes the center of the procession. Young parishioners wear matching happi coats and twisted headbands and parade around shouting "Wasshoi, Wasshoi!" Along the way, they may sway back and forth or run around in confusion, a move known as mikoshi furi. They may break into the homes of people they hate, or the mikoshi may run into each other and break out into fights. In recent years, some mikoshi are carried by women, and in areas with fewer young people, the mikoshi is sometimes carried on the back of a truck. [Shoji Inoguchi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
祭礼の渡御(とぎょ)のとき、神霊の乗り物として担ぐもの。「しんよ」とも読み、御輿(みこし)とも書く。日本の神霊は、日常は天空や海のかなたにあり、人の招きに応じて定期的に、あるいは神霊の意志によって臨時に、人里を訪れて祭りを受け意志表示をするものであった。したがって社殿も、祭りのつど新築し、祭りが終われば取り壊した。社(やしろ)は屋代(やしろ)、つまり祭りのときに社殿を造営する場所の意であった。神社建築が進んで堅牢(けんろう)華麗なものになり、また神霊にはつねに近くにいて見守ってほしいという願望から、社殿は常設のものになった。しかし神霊は祭りのたびに訪れてくるものだという観念は残留し、社殿から出発した神霊が村内を巡行する形式を生じた。その神霊の憑(よ)りどころになるのが、笠鉾(かさぼこ)であり山車(だし)であり梵天(ぼんでん)である。少年や神職が尸童(よりまし)になることもある。神輿もその一つであった。神霊の巡行は本来深夜に行われるものであったが、平安時代から京都を中心に昼祭りが多くなり、昼間の神幸が一般化すると見物人も集まり、「見る祭り」へと変化してくる。そのため神幸の行列も華麗となり、中心となる神霊の乗り物に神輿を用いることになった。神輿は皇室の鳳輦(ほうれん)に擬したもので、形は四角、六角、八角などがあり、屋根の上には鳳凰(ほうおう)または葱花(そうか)を置き、台には2本の担ぎ棒をつけるのが普通である。白木のもの、小型の子供神輿、樽(たる)神輿、榊(さかき)神輿などもある。神幸の際は、まず神社で御霊(みたま)移しを行い、行列では中心に位置する。氏子の若者などがそろいの法被(はっぴ)を着てねじり鉢巻姿で、「わっしょい、わっしょい」の掛け声をかけながら練り歩いたりする。神輿振りといって、道中は前後に揺れたり右往左往したりすることがある。日ごろ憎まれている家に乱入したり、神輿どうしが行き会って喧嘩(けんか)になることもあった。近年は女性も担ぐものがあり、また若者の減少した地域では、神輿をトラックに乗せて渡御する例もある。 [井之口章次] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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