The last geological period of the Mesozoic Era, which is divided into three parts. It corresponds to about 79 million years from about 145 million years ago to 66 million years ago. In 1822, Jean-Baptiste-Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy (1783-1875) of Belgium named it after the chalk layer (porous limestone consisting of ultramicrofossils) that developed in Western Europe, and since then it has been used as the name of the era regardless of the presence or absence of chalk. Western Europe (France and southern England), which has been studied for a long time, is taken as the standard area for the Cretaceous System (Cretaceous Period strata), but there is no area on land where all strata of all periods are observed continuously. For some periods, marine strata in Madagascar, Japan (Hokkaido), North America (western inland and Gulf of Mexico region) also produce abundant macro-index fossils (standard stones) such as ammonites and inoceramus, and detailed zonation is performed. In general, the Cretaceous Period is divided into two periods and 12 stages: the Early (Beriasian, Valanginian, Hauterivian, Barremian, Aptian, Albian) and the Late (Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, Santonian, Campanian, Maastrichtian). Through several drillings of the ocean floor, well-continuous microfossil stratigraphy throughout the Cretaceous Period has been discovered in the Atlantic and Western Pacific Oceans, and comparisons with terrestrial deposits are being carried out. Among microfossils, planktonic foraminifera, radiolaria, and ultramicrofossils are useful for determining age and comparison, and are widely used. The Cretaceous System is widely distributed around the world, indicating that the marine transgression during this period (especially the latter half) was large-scale. Although sedimentation from the lower Jurassic System often occurred continuously, at the end of the Cretaceous Period, there was a global marine regression, and the Cretaceous Period was usually covered by the Tertiary System (Tertiary period strata) due to unconformity. The animal kingdom also changed gradually from the Jurassic Period, but at the end of the Cretaceous Period, dinosaurs, ammonites, belemnites (arrow stones, arrowheads), inoceramus, rudist bivalves, etc. all became extinct at the same time, causing a major change in the ecosystem. Various theories have been proposed regarding the cause of this mass extinction, including large-scale marine regression, climate change, volcanic activity, and the impact of a large meteorite, but it is currently believed to be due to a drastic change in the global surface environment caused by the impact of a large meteorite on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. The changes in the plant kingdom do not correspond to this, and rather, a major era is marked by the appearance of angiosperms in the first half of the Cretaceous Period. Around this time, powerful predators also became more common in the oceans, forcing their prey, shellfish, to shift their habitats and adopt new adaptation strategies. The Cretaceous was a time of relatively intense crustal movement, and regional metamorphism and igneous activity, particularly in the Pacific Rim, occurred frequently due to subduction of the ocean floor, resulting in many metal deposits. Sediments from this period form important oil fields in the Middle East and the Gulf of Mexico region of North America. The Atlantic Ocean was formed primarily by ocean-floor spreading that began in the Cretaceous. Most of the ocean floor of the Pacific Ocean was also formed after the Cretaceous period, with older ocean floor and surface sediments either subducting under ocean trenches or being ripped off and added to the surrounding continental margins. The distribution and facies of the Cretaceous System in Japan are closely related to the zonal structure of island arcs (arc-shaped island chains). In the Inner Zone of Southwest Japan, non-marine deposits and overlying acidic volcanic rocks predominate, while thick shallow-marine sandy deposits are distributed along the Median Tectonic Line. In the Outer Zone of Southwest Japan, marine deposits are distributed in several narrow, elongated zones stretching from east to west, and most of the outer area is occupied by large-scale accretionary deposits ranging from the Cretaceous to the Tertiary Periods. In Northeast Japan, on the other hand, shallow-marine deposits of different ages are scattered in several areas of the Kitakami Mountains, and marine Cretaceous Systems are found throughout almost the entire area of Hokkaido. In particular, the Ezo Supergroup in the central part of the zone is distributed in a zone up to Sakhalin and contains many index fossils, making it important as a standard for the Cretaceous System in East Asia. [Hayami Itaru and Ozawa Tomoo, August 19, 2015] "Revised New Edition of Geological History, Volume 2" by Ichikawa Koichiro et al. (1967, Asakura Publishing)" ▽ "Natural History of the Cretaceous Period by Obata Ikuo (1993, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "Geology of Japan by Kimura Toshio, Hayami Itaru, and Yoshida Shizuo (1993, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "Atlas of the Evolution of Life and Earth II, Devonian to Cretaceous Period, by Dougal Dixon, supervised translation by Obata Ikuo (2003, Asakura Publishing)" [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |(Jimbo) Late Cretaceous period, Mesozoic era, diameter approx. 5.5cm, from Obira-cho, Rumoi-gun, Hokkaido, Japan . Photo by National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ F3242) Gaudricellas denseplicatum (An… Michael Late Cretaceous Mesozoic Shell height approx. 17cm Produced in Sarufutsu Village, Soya District, Hokkaido Photo/Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (GSJ F5161) Inoceramus schmitti (bivalve) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
中生代を三分したうちの最後の地質時代。およそ1億4500万年前から6600万年前までの約7900万年間に相当する。1822年にベルギーのダロイJean-Baptiste-Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy(1783―1875)によって、西ヨーロッパに発達するチョーク層(超微化石などからなる多孔質の石灰岩)にちなみ名づけられ、その後チョークの有無に関係なく時代名として使われている。 白亜系(白亜紀の地層)の標準地域には、古くから研究が続けられている西ヨーロッパ(フランスおよびイギリス南部)がとられているが、全時代の地層が連続的に観察される地域は陸上にはない。一部の時代については、マダガスカル、日本(北海道)、北アメリカ(西部内陸とメキシコ湾岸地域)などの海成層も、アンモナイト、イノセラムスなどの大形示準化石(標準化石)を豊富に産し、詳しい分帯がなされている。一般に白亜紀は前期(ベリアシアン、バランギニアン、オーテリビアン、バレミアン、アプチアン、アルビアン)と後期(セノマニアン、チューロニアン、コニアシアン、サントニアン、カンパニアン、マーストリヒチアン)の2期12階に区分されている。数次にわたる海洋底掘削により、大西洋、西太平洋などで白亜紀全期間にわたる連続性のよい微化石層序が知られ、陸上堆積(たいせき)物との対比が進められている。微化石では浮遊性有孔虫、放散虫、超微化石が時代決定と対比に有効で、さかんに利用されている。 白亜系は世界各地に広く分布し、この時代(とくに後半)の海進が大規模であったことを示す。下位のジュラ系から堆積が連続しておこっていることが多いが、白亜紀末には世界的規模の海退があり、不整合をもって第三系(第三紀の地層)に覆われるのが普通である。動物界の変遷も同様にジュラ紀から漸移的に変わっているが、白亜紀末には恐竜、アンモナイト、ベレムナイト(矢石、箭石(やいし))、イノセラムス、厚歯二枚貝などがいっせいに絶滅して大きな生態系の変革が生じた。この大量絶滅の原因については、大規模な海退、気候変化、火山活動、大隕石(いんせき)の衝突などさまざまな学説が提唱されたが、現在では、メキシコのユカタン半島への大隕石の衝突による全球的地球表層環境の激変に帰せられている。植物界の変遷はこれに対応せず、むしろ白亜紀前半の被子植物の出現をもって大きな時代が画される。海洋でもこのころに強力な捕食者が増え、被食者である貝類は生活場所の移動や新しい適応戦略を強いられた。 白亜紀は地殻変動が比較的激しかった時代で、とくに環太平洋地域では海洋底の沈み込みなどに伴う広域変成作用や火成活動が盛んにおこり、多くの金属鉱床をもたらした。中東や北アメリカのメキシコ湾岸地域では、この時代の堆積物が重要な油田を形成している。大西洋はおもに白亜紀に始まる海洋底拡大によって生じた。太平洋の海洋底もほとんどが白亜紀以降に形成されたもので、それ以前の海洋底と表層の堆積物は海溝の下に沈み込むか、はぎとられて周辺の大陸縁に付加されている。 日本の白亜系の分布と層相は島弧(弧状列島)の帯状構造と密接な関係がある。西南日本内帯では非海成堆積物とこれを覆う酸性火山岩が卓越し、中央構造線沿いには浅海成の厚い砂質堆積物が分布する。西南日本外帯では、海成堆積物が東西に伸びるいくつかの狭長な地帯に分布し、その外側のほとんどの部分は白亜紀から第三紀に及ぶ大規模な付加体堆積物で占められている。一方、東北日本では、北上山地の数地に時代の異なる浅海堆積物が点在するほか、北海道では海成白亜系がほとんど全域にわたってみられる。とりわけその中軸部の蝦夷(えぞ)累層群は、サハリンにまで帯状に分布し多くの示準化石を含むので、東アジアの白亜系の基準として重要である。 [速水 格・小澤智生 2015年8月19日] 『市川浩一郎他著『改訂新版地史学 下巻』(1967・朝倉書店)』▽『小畠郁生著『白亜紀の自然史』(1993・東京大学出版会)』▽『木村敏雄・速水格・吉田鎮男著『日本の地質』(1993・東京大学出版会)』▽『ドゥーガル・ディクソン著、小畠郁生監訳『生命と地球の進化アトラスⅡ デボン紀から白亜紀』(2003・朝倉書店)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |(Jimbo) 中生代白亜紀後期 径約5.5cm 北海道留萌郡小平町産写真/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F3242)"> ゴウドリセラス・デンセプリカタム(アン… Michael 中生代白亜紀後期 殻高約17cm 北海道宗谷郡猿払村産写真/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F5161)"> イノセラムス・シュミッティ(二枚貝) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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