Destruction - fracture

Japanese: 破壊 - はかい(英語表記)fracture
Destruction - fracture
When stress acts on an object, it is called rupture when it breaks into two or more parts. When a crack appears in an object, the crack propagates and finally breaks, it is called fracture. When a certain amount of deformation occurs and the required function is lost, even if the object does not break, it is called failure. For example, when an elastic state is required, the onset of plastic deformation (→ permanent strain) is elastic failure. The phenomenon of fracture is very complex and difficult, and has not yet been fully elucidated, but when treated macroscopically (targeting dimensions larger than the size of defects or notches in an object), the following four theories are the most prevalent as fracture conditions. (1) Maximum shear stress theory The theory that fracture occurs when the principal shear stress in an object reaches a limit value specific to the object. (2) Shear strain energy theory The theory that fracture occurs when the strain energy per unit volume in an object reaches a specific limit value. (3) Maximum principal stress theory The theory that fracture occurs when any of the principal stresses in an object reaches a certain limit value. (4) Internal friction theory: When a compressive load is applied, damage or fracture occurs when the difference between the shear stress on the surface and the internal frictional force reaches a limit value. (1) and (2) apply to ductile materials, and (3) applies to brittle materials. Damage or fracture occurs between (1) and (2) for ordinary steel materials, and closer to (3) for brittle materials such as cast iron and gypsum. When a compressive load is applied to a brittle material, (4) applies.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
物体に応力が作用して,二つの部分またはそれ以上に分離することを破断 ruptureという。物体にいったん亀裂が発生し,その亀裂が進展してついには破断することを破壊といい,破壊にはいたらなくても,ある大きさの変形が生じて所要の機能を失う場合を破損 failureという。たとえば,弾性の状態が要求されるものに対して塑性変形(→永久ひずみ)の開始は弾性破損になる。破壊現象は非常に複雑で難しく,まだ完全に解明されてはいないが,巨視的な取り扱い(物体内の欠陥や切り欠きの寸法以上を対象)では,破壊条件として次の 4説が有力である。(1) 最大剪断応力説 物体内の主剪断応力が物体固有の限界値に達すると,破損・破壊が生じるという説。(2) 剪断ひずみエネルギー説 物体内の単位体積あたりのひずみエネルギーが固有の限界値になれば破損・破壊が起こるという説。(3) 最大主応力説 物体内の主応力のうち,いずれかがある限界値に達したときに破損・破壊が生じるという説。(4) 内部摩擦説 圧縮荷重負荷時に,面上の剪断応力とその内部摩擦力の差が限界値に達したときに破損・破壊が起こるという説。延性材料に対しては (1) (2)が,脆性材料に対しては (3)が適用され,一般の鉄鋼材料では (1)と (2)の中間において,また鋳鉄や石膏のようなもろい材料では (3)に近い条件で破損・破壊が生じる。脆性材料に圧縮荷重が作用するときは (4)が適用される。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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