Family - か (English spelling)

Japanese: 科 - か(英語表記)family
Family - か (English spelling)

A family is a category in biological taxonomy that is basically between an order and a genus, but when an order is divided into suborders and then into superfamilies, it is a lower category, and when a family is divided into subfamilies or tribes, it is a higher category. A family may consist of only one genus, but in most cases it is made up of a collection of two or more genera, and the characteristic traits of each group of organisms vary depending on the group, so they are not necessarily at the same level as a whole. However, organisms in each family generally have clear characteristics in common that are different from those in other families. In that sense, a family can be said to be a natural group of genera that are generally phylogenetically related to each other. It is also true that organisms belonging to the same family often look similar in appearance.

The scientific name of a family is formed by adding a certain suffix to the name of a representative genus (type genus or type genus) contained in the family. In the case of animals, this suffix is ​​-idae, and in the case of plants, -aceae. For example, the Canidae family comes from the genus Canis , the Papilionidae family comes from the genus Papilio , the Violaceae family comes from the genus Viola , and the Liliaceae family comes from the genus Lilium . In principle, the name of the person who named the family is omitted. However, there are names of plants that are not bound by the rules, such as the Asteraceae family Compositae and the Brassicaceae family Cruciferae, which are traditionally used. The concept of family came about later than genus, and at first, some of the names given as orders were equivalent to families, and there was a time when the distinction between orders and families was not clear. As research progresses, various characteristics are discovered, and in many cases existing families are divided or ranked at a higher level.

[Takehiko Nakane]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生物分類学上の一階級(カテゴリー)であって、基本的には目と属の中間に位するが、目が亜目に、またさらに上科superfamilyなどに分割されるときは、その下位になり、科内に亜科subfamilyあるいは族などの階級が置かれるときはその上位になる。科は1属のみで形成される場合もあるが、多くの場合2ないし多数の属の集合から成り立っており、その特徴となる形質もそれぞれの生物群によって多様であるから、生物全体としてみればかならずしも同等の段階にあるとはいえないが、一般に各科内に含まれる生物は他科のものと異なる共通した明らかな特徴を備えている。その意味で、科は概して系統的に互いに類縁をもつ属を集合した自然群であるといえるであろう。同じ科に属する生物が外見からも類似を感じさせることが多いのも事実である。

 科の学名は、そこに含まれる属のうち代表的な1属(模式属または基準属type genus)の属名に、一定の語尾をつけて形成される。動物の場合には-idae、植物の場合には-aceaeがこの語尾で、たとえばイヌ科Canidaeはイヌ属Canis、アゲハチョウ科Papilionidaeはアゲハチョウ属Papilio、スミレ科Violaceaeはスミレ属Viola、ユリ科Liliaceaeはユリ属Liliumに由来し、名称の命名者は省くのが原則である。ただし、植物では古くからの慣用でキク科Compositaeやアブラナ科Cruciferaeのように規約に拘束されない名称もある。科の概念は属よりもあとになって生じてきたもので、初めは目としてあげられた名のなかに科に相当するものがあり、目と科の区別が明瞭(めいりょう)でない時期もあった。研究が進展するにつれ種々の特徴がみいだされ、従来の科が分割され、あるいはさらに上位に格づけされるような場合も少なくない。

[中根猛彦]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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