Paulo (English spelling) Paulos Greek

A Christian apostle. His Hebrew name was Saul. He was a Jew born in Tarsus, Cilicia, Asia Minor. He was heavily influenced by Hellenistic culture, but was raised in an environment with a strong Jewish tradition, and became an enthusiastic member of the Pharisees. He could not tolerate Christians who, despite being Jewish, disregarded the law, and began to persecute them. In the process, he suddenly realized that people are saved not by their own merits in keeping the law, but by believing in Christ and entrusting everything to him, and became a Christian evangelist. At first, he was mainly active in the church of Antioch in Syria. However, since his claim for freedom from the law was not fully accepted, he became independent and traveled around the Aegean coast to evangelize, mainly building churches for Gentiles. In his later years, when he went to Jerusalem to deliver donations from these churches to the Jerusalem church, he was captured by Jews who were critical of him and entrusted to the Roman governor. He was sent to Rome because he appealed to the emperor using his Roman citizenship, and is thought to have been martyred under Emperor Nero shortly thereafter. His letters are included in the New Testament, although some of them are not his own. The latter half of the Acts of the Apostles mainly tells of his activities, but is not necessarily historically rigorous. After his death, his thorough gospel of freedom from the law was not properly understood for a while, but later had a great influence on Augustine, Luther, and more recently K. Barth.

[Akira Satake]

"Paul - His Life and Mission" by G. Bornkam, translated by Akira Satake (1970, Shinkyo Publishing)" ▽ "Paul" by Seiichi Yagi (1980, Shimizu Shoin) ▽ "Paul the Apostle - A Life Devoted to Evangelism" by Akira Satake (1981, NHK Books)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

キリスト教の使徒。ヘブル名はサウロ。小アジアのキリキア州タルスス生まれのユダヤ人。ヘレニズム文化の影響を豊かに受けたが、それ以上にユダヤ教の伝統の強い環境に育ち、パリサイ派の熱心な一員となった。ユダヤ人でありながら律法を軽視するキリスト教徒を許しておけず、迫害に乗り出したが、その過程で突然、人が救われるのは、律法を守るという自分の功績によるのではなく、キリストを信じて彼にいっさいをゆだねることによると悟って、キリスト教の伝道者となった。初めは主としてシリアのアンティオキアの教会を中心に活動。しかし彼の唱える律法からの自由の主張が全幅の賛成を得られなかったことから、独立して、主としてエーゲ海沿岸各地を巡回伝道し、異邦人を主体とする教会を建てた。晩年、これらの教会からエルサレム教会にあてた献金を届けるためエルサレムに上京したところを、彼に対し批判的なユダヤ人に捕らえられ、ローマ総督に預けられた。ローマ市民権を行使して皇帝に上訴したためローマに送られ、まもなくネロ皇帝の下で殉教したと思われる。『新約聖書』には彼の手紙が収録されている。ただし、その一部は彼自身のものではない。「使徒行伝(ぎょうでん)」の後半は主として彼の活動を伝えるが、かならずしも史的に厳密ではない。彼の死後、その徹底した律法からの自由の福音(ふくいん)は、しばらくの間正当に理解されなかったが、その後アウグスティヌス、ルター、近年ではK・バルトなどに大きな影響を与えた。

［佐竹　明］

『G・ボルンカム著、佐竹明訳『パウロ――その生涯と使信』（1970・新教出版社）』▽『八木誠一著『パウロ』（1980・清水書院）』▽『佐竹明著『使徒パウロ――伝道にかけた生涯』（1981・NHKブックス）』

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