Syphilis, Lues

Japanese: 梅毒 - ばいどく(英語表記)Syphilis, Lues
Syphilis, Lues
[What kind of disease is it?]
This disease is caused by infection with the bacterium Treponema pallida. If left untreated, it will progress gradually over a period of 10 years and affect all organs in the body.
Syphilis is transmitted when Treponema enters the body through small breaks in the skin or mucous membranes during sexual intercourse with a person who has syphilis.
Syphilis can also be transmitted through a blood transfusion from a person with syphilis (transfusion syphilis), or by health care workers who accidentally come into contact with the blood of a person with syphilis or by touching clothing, dishes, or razors that have come into contact with body fluids that contain treponemes, but these are rare.
Also, if a woman with syphilis becomes pregnant, the baby will develop congenital syphilis (column "Congenital syphilis").
[Symptoms]
Syphilis is a disease that progresses over a long period of time with symptoms appearing and disappearing, and its course is divided into four stages (see figure "Course of syphilis").
● First stage (up to 3 months after infection)
Once infected with Treponema, symptoms do not appear for about three weeks (first incubation period).
Three weeks after infection, a hard lump (initial induration) several millimeters in diameter appears at the site where the Treponema invaded (mainly the genital area, but sometimes the lips, breasts, fingers, etc.), and then the nearby lymph nodes (inguinal lymph nodes if the initial induration occurs in the genital area, and armpit lymph nodes if it occurs in the breast) become hard and swollen, but there is no pain (painless bubo).
The initial induration will turn into an ulcer on the surface, which will become a hard chancre. Many treponemae are present on the sore surface, and people who come into contact with it will become infected.
These lesions will heal naturally within a few weeks without treatment and enter a second latent stage during which the treponemes spread throughout the body via the bloodstream.
● Second stage (3 months to 3 years after infection)
Three months after infection, the treponemes have spread throughout the body, causing slight fever, general fatigue, and vermiform hair loss on the back of the head. The lymph nodes throughout the body also swell, and a rash (syphilis rash) appears.
Syphilis rash begins as pale pink spots the size of a little fingertip that appear sporadically all over the body. These spots are called syphilitic roseola and disappear within a few months without treatment, before entering the second latent stage.
After a few months, raised bumps (syphilitic papules) or pus-filled bumps (syphilitic pustules) will appear on the skin, and one of these types of rashes will return at intervals of 3 to 6 months.
Over the course of about three years, the rash changes from small to large, and instead of being scattered all over the body, it now appears on only certain parts of the body.
In addition, when syphilitic papules appear in areas where the skin is moist, such as around the anus, on the labia, or under the breasts, they turn into flat, raised, hard nodules with a soft surface (flat condyloma).
The mucous membrane of the mouth may develop milky white, slightly hard spots the size of soybeans (milky spots), or ulcers (syphilitic angina) may develop around the tonsils of the pharynx. None of these syphilis eruptions are itchy or painful, and the areas where they appear vary from person to person.
Syphilis rash contains many spirochetes and is transmitted by contact with other people.
The second stage, when no rash appears, is called secondary latent syphilis.
Stage 3 (3 to 10 years after infection)
If proper treatment is not received by this stage after infection, nodular syphilis and gummas will appear.
This condition causes hard lumps or tumors to form on parts of the face, nose, lips, tongue, bones, muscles, internal organs, etc., destroying the surrounding tissue. When it heals, it leaves a scar, and if it occurs on the face, it can result in an unsightly appearance.
● Stage 4 (more than 10 years after infection)
Treponema attacks the brain and spinal cord, causing progressive paralysis (cerebral syphilis) that gradually changes personality and leads to dementia, and tabes dorsalis, which causes numbness in the limbs and difficulty standing or walking. The heart and blood vessels are also affected, causing aortic aneurysms and aortitis.
[Testing and diagnosis]
In order to make a diagnosis, it is important to know whether you have had any opportunities for exposure to infection, what symptoms you have had in the past, and what symptoms you are currently experiencing. Please report honestly.
The decisive factor for the diagnosis is the detection of treponemes in the lesions and a positive syphilis serology test (Column "Syphilis serology test").
[Treatment]
Penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics are effective.
If the condition is not penicillin hypersensitivity but early syphilis (up to secondary syphilis), penicillin injections are given for 10 to 20 days, or taken orally for 30 days.
In the case of late syphilis (tertiary or later stage), this treatment is repeated based on the results of the syphilis serology test.
In addition, in late-stage syphilis, the syphilis serology test may not become negative even after adequate treatment and complete recovery (Column "Syphilis serology test").

Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information

Japanese:
[どんな病気か]
 トレポネーマパリダという細菌の感染でおこる病気です。治療しないで放置すると、十数年かけて徐々に進行し、全身の臓器がおかされます。
 梅毒にかかっている人との性行為によって、皮膚や粘膜(ねんまく)の小さな傷からトレポネーマが侵入して感染します。
 梅毒にかかっている人の血液を輸血(ゆけつ)されて感染したり(輸血梅毒)、医療従事者が、梅毒にかかっている人の血液に誤って触れて感染したり、トレポネーマを含む体液のついた衣類、食器、カミソリなどに触れて感染することもありますが、これはまれです。
 また、梅毒にかかっている女性が妊娠(にんしん)すると、おなかの赤ちゃんに先天梅毒(せんてんばいどく)(コラム「先天梅毒」)がおこります。
[症状]
 梅毒は、症状が現われたり、消えたりしながら、長期間かけて進行する病気で、経過は、第1期~第4期に分けられています(図「梅毒の経過」)。
●第1期(感染後3か月まで)
 トレポネーマが感染しても、約3週間は症状が現われずに経過します(第1潜伏期)。
 感染後3週間たつと、トレポネーマが侵入した部分(おもに陰部、ときにくちびる・乳房・手指など)に直径数mmのかたいしこり(初期硬結(こうけつ))が1個でき、ついで、付近のリンパ節(せつ)(初期硬結が陰部にできれば鼠径(そけい)リンパ節(せつ)、乳房にできれば腋下(えきか)リンパ節(せつ))がかたく腫(は)れますが、痛みはありません(無痛性横痃(おうげん))。
 初期硬結は表面がただれて潰瘍(かいよう)になり、硬性下疳(こうせいげかん)という状態になります。このただれた面にはトリポネーマが多数存在し、触れた人に感染します。
 以上の病変は、治療をしなくても数週間以内に自然に治り、第2潜伏期に入りますが、この間にトリポネーマは血流にのって全身に広がります。
●第2期(感染後3か月~3年まで)
 感染後3か月たつと、全身に広がったトレポネーマのため、微熱、全身倦怠感(ぜんしんけんたいかん)、後頭部の虫くい状の脱毛(だつもう)などが生じ、全身のリンパ節が腫れ、発疹(ほっしん)(梅毒疹(ばいどくしん))が現われます。
 梅毒疹は、最初は小指の先ほどの大きさで、淡紅色をした斑(はん)が全身にまばらに現われます。これを梅毒性バラ疹(しん)といい、治療しなくても数か月で消え、第2潜伏期に入ります。
 数か月すると、皮膚から盛り上がったぶつぶつ(梅毒性丘疹(きゅうしん))が出たり、膿(うみ)をもったぶつぶつ(梅毒性膿疱(のうほう))が出たりといったぐあいに、どちらかの発疹が3~6か月の間隔で出没をくり返します。
 そして、約3年の間には、発疹は小型のものから大型のものに変化し、全身にちらばって出ていたものが、からだの一部だけにかぎって現われるようになります。
 また、肛門(こうもん)の周囲、陰唇(いんしん)、乳房の下などの皮膚が湿気をおびる部位に梅毒性丘疹ができると、平らに盛り上がってかたく、表面がふやけた結節になります(扁平(へんぺい)コンジローマ)。
 口腔(こうくう)の粘膜に大豆(だいず)ほどの大きさの乳白色のややかたい斑(はん)(乳白斑(にゅうはくはん))ができたり、咽頭(いんとう)の扁桃(へんとう)のあたりに潰瘍(梅毒性アンギーナ)ができたりします。これらの梅毒疹は、どれもかゆみも痛みもなく、出る部位も人によって一定ではありません。
 梅毒疹には、スピロヘータが多数いて、他人が触れると感染します。
 第2期で、発疹の現われていない時期を第2期潜伏梅毒といいます。
●第3期(感染後3年から10年まで)
 感染後、この時期まで適切な治療を受けずにいると、結節性梅毒(けっせつせいばいどく)やゴム腫(しゅ)が現われてきます。
 これは、顔、鼻、くちびる、舌、骨、筋肉、内臓などの一部分に、かたいしこりや腫瘤(しゅりゅう)(こぶ)ができ、周囲の組織を破壊するもので、治ると瘢痕(はんこん)になり、顔にできるとみにくい容貌(ようぼう)になります。
●第4期(感染後10年以上)
 トレポネーマに脳や脊髄(せきずい)がおかされ、しだいに性格が変化して認知症状態になる進行まひ(脳梅毒(のうばいどく))、手足がしびれて起立や歩行障害がおこる脊髄癆(せきずいろう)になります。また、心臓や血管系統もおかされ、大動脈瘤(だいどうみゃくりゅう)や大動脈炎もおこります。
[検査と診断]
 感染を受ける機会があったかどうか、これまでにどんな症状があって、現在どんな症状があるかが診断するうえで重要です。正直に報告してください。
 診断の決め手となるのは、病変からトレポネーマが検出されることと、梅毒血清反応(ばいどくけっせいはんのう)(コラム「梅毒血清反応」)が陽性になることです。
[治療]
 ペニシリン系とセフェム系の抗生物質が有効です。
 ペニシリン過敏症ではなく、早期梅毒(第2期梅毒まで)であれば、ペニシリン注射を10~20日間、または内服を30日間続けます。
 晩期梅毒(第3期梅毒以降)の場合は、梅毒血清反応の成績を参考にして、この治療を反復します。
 なお、晩期梅毒になると、十分に治療をして、完治したはずなのに、梅毒血清反応が陰性にならないことがあります(コラム「梅毒血清反応」)。

出典 小学館家庭医学館について 情報

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