Manichaeism - Manichaeism

Japanese: マニ教 - まにきょう(英語表記)Manichaeism
Manichaeism - Manichaeism

It is a universal religion founded by Mani in the 3rd century in Iran, and has spread widely from East to West, becoming a historical force. It is characterized as a scriptural religion, and its scriptures include "Shabra Khan," "Book of Life," "Pragmatia," "Book of Mysteries," and "Tablets of Mani."

[Takeshi Kato]

Doctrine

According to a Manichaean fragment (held at the National Museum of Paris) discovered in China by the French orientalist Pelliot, its doctrine is based on the conflict between two principles, namely light and darkness, and good and evil, and is divided into three periods called the Three Ages. In the first period, the heavens and the earth do not yet exist, and there is only the distinction between light and darkness. The nature of light is wisdom, and the nature of darkness is foolishness. And conflict and contradiction have not yet occurred. In the middle period, darkness has already begun to invade light. Light comes and penetrates and mixes with darkness. Because of great suffering, people wish to escape from the world of visible forms. In order to escape the "house of fire" (this world), one must distinguish between true (light) and false (darkness) and seize the opportunity to be saved. In the last period, the third period, education and conversion are completed. True (light) and false (darkness) return to their respective root countries. The light returns to the great light, while the darkness returns to the mass of darkness. This coincides well with an 8th century Syriac account called Theodore bar Konyi.

[Takeshi Kato]

Cult

Mani divided his successors, consisting of 12 teachers, 72 bishops, and 360 elders, into two groups: the electus (the chosen ones), who were priests and followed strict religious practices, and the auditors (the auditors), who were allowed a more relaxed life and followed the Ten Commandments. The festival of the bema was the most important day for the cult, as it commemorated the martyrdom of Mani.

[Takeshi Kato]

propagation

Manichaeism was a mixture of Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, and it skillfully expanded its influence by calling itself Christian or Buddhism. It reached its peak in the west in the 4th century, but after the 6th century it moved eastward and reached China. In China during the Tang Dynasty it was called Maniism, and Empress Wu Zetian built the official temple, Daiun Temple.

[Takeshi Kato]

"Augustine's Collected Works 7: Refutation of Manichaeism" (translated by Masao Okano, 1979, Kyobunkan)

[Reference] | Dainoji Temple

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

マニが3世紀にイランで創始した普遍的宗教で、東西に広く伝播(でんぱ)し、歴史的な勢力となった。経典宗教としての特色をもち『シャブラーカーン』『いのちの書』『プラグマティア』『秘儀の書』『マニ書簡』などを経典とする。

[加藤 武]

教義

フランスの東洋学者ペリオが中国で発見したマニ教断簡(パリ国立博物館所蔵)によると、その教義は、二宗すなわち光と闇(やみ)、善と悪の二つの原理の対立に基づいており、三際とよばれる三つの時期に区分される。初際、つまり第一の時期にはまだ天地は存在していず、ただ明暗の区別があるのみである。明の性質は知恵で、暗の性質は愚かであった。そしてまだ対立矛盾はおこっていない。中際、つまり中期に入ると、すでに暗(闇)が明(光)を侵し始めていた。明がやってきて暗に入り込み混合した。大いなる苦しみのために、人は目に見える形体の世界から逃れようと願った。「火宅」(この世界)を逃れるためには真(光)と偽(闇)を見分け、救われるための縁をとらえなければならない。後際、つまり第三の時期には教育と回心を終える。真(光)と偽(闇)はそれぞれもときた根(ね)の国に帰る。光は大いなる光に帰り、他方、闇は闇のかたまりに帰る。以上の内容は、『テオドレ・バル・コーニー』とよばれる8世紀のシリア語の叙述ともよく一致する。

[加藤 武]

教団

マニは12人の教師、72人の司教、360人の長老からなる後継者を二つの群に分けた。一つはエレクトゥスelectus(選ばれた者)で、聖職者として五戒を守り厳しい修道を行った。いま一つはアウディトゥスauditus(聴問者)で、比較的緩やかな生活を許され、十戒を守った。ベーマbēmaの祭りを、教団はマニの殉教を記念する日としてもっとも重んじた。

[加藤 武]

伝播

マニ教は、キリスト教、ゾロアスター教、仏教、道教などを混合するとともに、キリスト教や仏教を名のることによって巧みに勢力を伸ばし、4世紀には西方で盛期を迎えたが、6世紀以後東方に向かい中国に達した。唐代の中国では摩尼(まに)教といわれ、則天武后(そくてんぶこう)は官寺大雲(だいうん)寺を建立している。

[加藤 武]

『岡野昌雄訳『アウグスティヌス著作集7 マニ教駁論集』(1979・教文館)』

[参照項目] | 大雲寺

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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