Bavaria is a state that constitutes the Federal Republic of Germany, occupying the southeastern part of the country. Its English name is Bavaria. It has an area of 70,548 square kilometers, making it the largest state in Germany. With a population of 12,230,300 (2000), it is the second largest state after North Rhine-Westphalia. Most of the residents are Catholic. The state capital is Munich. It is surrounded by mountains, but the northwestern and southeastern parts are the outlets of the Main River and the Danube River, respectively, which form the watershed between the North Sea and the Black Sea. The northern part of the state is dominated by highlands made of sandstone and limestone, while the southern part is made up of lowlands along the Danube River and the pre-alpine region, which is a gentle hilly area that stretches up to the Alps. Racially, the state developed based on the Bavernians who settled mainly in the southeast, the Franks in the northwest, and the Swabians in the west, and the differences between these ethnic groups are still evident in the landscape of settlements and the shape of houses. It is an important agricultural state in Germany, and the Main and Danube river basins and the Ries basin are grain-producing areas. Pastures are abundant in the Alpine foreland, and the Allgäu region in particular is a center for butter and cheese production. Other well-known areas include grape cultivation in the Main basin, hop cultivation in the Hallertau region on the south bank of the Danube, and vegetable cultivation east of Bamberg. Industry was slow to develop, but in the 20th century, it developed rapidly with the development of hydraulic energy and other technologies. A variety of modern industries developed around Munich, Nuremberg, Augsburg, and other areas. In addition to metal and machinery industries, the construction of pipelines led to the petrochemical industry after World War II, and in recent years, advanced technology industries have also become popular. The Alps and its mountain foreland are also known as Germany's tourist and resort areas. [Hideya Ishii] historyIt is said that the prehistoric Celts lived in the southern German region, including present-day Bavaria, and although relics and remains of houses have been excavated, the details are unclear. After the 3rd century BC, the Germanic peoples moved south to the Danube, and in the 1st century AD, Rome conquered the area south of the Danube and established the provinces of Raetia and Noricum. During the so-called period of migration, from the 6th to 8th centuries, the Germanic mixed tribe of Bavaria moved in, and the area came to be called Bavaria. Christianity was also spread, and Boniface established a bishopric. They were ruled by the Argyrolfing family of Regensburg and submitted to the Frankish Kingdom, but the last of the tribe, Grand Duke Tassilo III, was deposed by Charlemagne. After the Western Roman Empire was divided into three parts, Margrave Arnulf restored the title of Archduke, but it was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire by Otto the Great. In the 11th century, the Welf family gained the title of Archduke. In the so-called Investiture Controversy, they supported imperial power, but in the imperial election they came into conflict with the House of Staufen, and in 1180 Frederick I (Barbarossa) gave Bavaria to the House of Wittelsbach, who would rule there until 1918. Although territorial changes were drastic and political divisions were repeated, the administrative system was improved, commerce developed, and in the 14th century, it transitioned to a feudal state (a territorial state). It opposed the Reformation in the 16th century and led the Counter-Reformation, and in the Thirty Years' War in the 17th century, it supported the emperor and became an electorate, but the damage from the war was great and it was exhausted. In the 18th century, there were successive territorial conflicts, and the national power was weakened by the War of the Spanish Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, and the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778-79). From the French Revolution to the Napoleonic era, Bavaria wavered between pro-French and anti-French policies, but it skillfully expanded its territory and became a kingdom (1806), becoming the third largest state in Germany after Austria and Prussia. In 1818, a constitution was enacted, and reforms were made to the parliamentary system and tax system, and the capital Munich became a center of learning and the arts. In 1848, the revolution broke out and King Ludwig I abdicated. In the Prussian-Austrian War of 1866, Bavaria sided with Austria, but in the Prussian-French War of 1870, it sided with Prussia, and joined the German Empire in 1871. However, it maintained its own army, postal service, and railways, and even reserved a certain degree of diplomatic rights. Ludwig II was known for building the romantic Neuschwanstein Castle and for his love of Wagner's music. Towards the end of World War I, a revolution broke out in Munich in November 1918, and Eisner, an independent Social Democrat, proclaimed a republic, sending Ludwig III into exile. Eisner was assassinated in February 1919, and the Räthe Republic was proclaimed in April, but was suppressed by government forces in May. Thereafter, Munich became a hotbed of right-wing radicals opposed to the Weimar Republic, and in November 1923 Hitler's Munich Putsch occurred. After World War II, Bavaria came under American occupation, but was re-established as a state in 1945, enacted a state constitution in December 1946, and joined the Federal Republic of Germany (formerly West Germany) when it was established in 1949. [Teruo Yoshida] [References] |This castle is located near Fussen, the southern starting point of the Romantic Road, at the foot of the Alps. Its name means "New Swan Castle." Near Fussen, Germany ©Tatsuo Katsumata "> Neuschwanstein Castle Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ドイツ連邦共和国を構成する一州で、同国の南東部を占める。英語名ババリアBavaria。面積は7万0548平方キロメートルで、ドイツ最大の州である。人口1223万0300(2000)はノルトライン・ウェストファーレン州に次いで第2位。住民はカトリック教徒が多い。州都はミュンヘン。周辺は山地に囲まれているが、北西部と南東部はそれぞれマイン川とドナウ川の流出口で、北海と黒海流域の分水界になっている。北部は砂岩や石灰岩からなる高地の多い地形であるが、南部はドナウ川に沿う低地と、アルプスまでの間に広がるなだらかな丘陵のアルプス前地からなる。人種的には、南東部を中心に住み着いたバイバリー人、北西部のフランク人、西部のシュワーベン人を基礎に発展し、これら民族の差異が、現在も集落景観や家屋形態の違いとして現れている。 ドイツの重要な農業州であり、マイン川流域、ドナウ川流域とリース盆地は穀倉地帯となっている。アルプス前地では牧草地が多くなり、とくにアルゴイ地方はバターやチーズ生産の中心地である。ほかに、マイン川流域のブドウ栽培、ドナウ川南岸・ハラタウ地方のホップ栽培、バンベルク東方の野菜栽培などが知られている。工業は遅れていたが、20世紀になって水力エネルギーなどの開発を契機として急速に発展してきた。ミュンヘン、ニュルンベルク付近、アウクスブルクなどを中心として多様な近代工業が発達する。金属、機械などの工業のほか、第二次世界大戦後はパイプラインの敷設によって石油化学工業が、近年では先端技術産業も盛んになってきた。アルプスとその前山地帯は、ドイツの観光・保養地としても知られている。 [石井英也] 歴史今日のバイエルンを含む南ドイツ一帯には、先史時代ケルト人が住んでいたといわれ、遺物や住居跡が発掘されるが、詳細は明らかでない。紀元前3世紀以降ゲルマン人がドナウ川まで南下し、紀元後1世紀にはローマがドナウ川の南を征服し、ラエティア、ノリクムの属州を置いた。いわゆる民族移動期、6世紀から8世紀に、ゲルマン人の混成支族バイエルン人が入り、バイエルンとよばれるようになった。キリスト教も布教され、ボニファティウスが司教組織を確立した。彼らはレーゲンスブルクのアーギロルフィング家に支配され、フランク王国に服属したが、最後の支族太公タシロ3世はカール大帝に廃された。西ローマ帝国の三分割後、辺境伯アルヌルフは大公位を再建するが、オットー大帝によって神聖ローマ帝国に編入された。11世紀ウェルフ家が大公位を得た。いわゆる叙任権闘争では皇帝権力につくが、皇帝選挙でシュタウフェン家と対立し、1180年フリードリヒ1世(バルバロッサ)はバイエルンをウィッテルスバハ家に与えた。以後1918年まで同家がここを支配する。 領域の変更は激しく、政治的分裂は繰り返されたが、行政制度は整備され、商業も発展し、14世紀には身分制国家(領邦国家)に移行した。16世紀の宗教改革には反対し、反宗教改革の先頭にたち、17世紀の三十年戦争では皇帝を支持し、選帝侯領となったが、戦争の被害は大きく疲弊した。18世紀には領土的紛争が相次ぎ、スペイン継承戦争、オーストリア継承戦争、バイエルン継承戦争(1778~79)によって国力は損なわれた。 フランス革命からナポレオン時代にかけて、バイエルンは親仏政策と反仏政策との間を動揺しつつも、巧妙に立ち回り、領土を拡大して王国となり(1806)、オーストリア、プロイセンに次ぐドイツ第三の国家になった。1818年憲法が制定され、議会制、税制などの改革がなされ、首都ミュンヘンは学問と芸術の中心となった。48年には革命が勃発(ぼっぱつ)し、国王ルートウィヒ1世は退位した。66年のプロイセン・オーストリア戦争ではオーストリアに味方したが、70年のプロイセン・フランス戦争ではプロイセンにつき、71年ドイツ帝国に参加した。だが、独自の軍隊、郵便や鉄道を維持し、一定の外交権すら留保した。ルートウィヒ2世はロマンチックなノイシュバーンシュタイン城の建設やワーグナー音楽の愛好で知られる。第一次世界大戦末期、1918年11月ミュンヘンに革命が起こり、独立社会民主党のアイスナーが共和国を宣言し、ルートウィヒ3世は国外に亡命した。1919年2月アイスナーは暗殺され、4月にはレーテ共和国が宣言されるが、5月政府軍に鎮圧された。以後ミュンヘンはワイマール共和国に反対する右翼急進派の巣窟(そうくつ)となり、1923年11月ヒトラーのミュンヘン一揆(いっき)も起こった。第二次世界大戦後、バイエルンはアメリカ軍の占領下に置かれたが、1945年州として再建され、46年12月州憲法を制定し、49年ドイツ連邦共和国(旧西ドイツ)の成立とともに、これに参加した。 [吉田輝夫] [参照項目] |アルプスの麓、「ロマンチック街道」の南の起点フュッセン近くにある城。名は「新白鳥城」という意味である。ドイツ フュッセン近郊©Tatsuo Katsumata"> ノイシュバーンシュタイン城 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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