Bacillus subtilis - Bacillus

Japanese: 枯草菌 - こそうきん
Bacillus subtilis - Bacillus

A gram-positive bacterium belonging to the family Bacillaceae, it forms spores and is aerobic. It is the same species as the bacteria formerly known as B. natto and B. mesentericus . It is usually rod-shaped, sometimes short or long. It is 0.5-2.5 x 1.2-10 micrometers (1 micrometer is one millionth of a meter). It has periflagellates and its spores are ovoid. It grows very quickly, forming grayish-white, smooth or slightly wrinkled colonies on agar culture medium. The colonies are round or amoeba-shaped and viscous. It liquefies gelatin quickly, does not produce gas in sugar-containing liquid media, does not coagulate milk, and gradually becomes alkaline. The growth temperature is 30-37°C.

It is widely distributed in nature and produces strong protease and starch-decomposing enzymes as well as pectin-decomposing enzymes. It sometimes produces antibiotics and is used in the manufacture of natto and enzyme preparations, and research in this field is progressing. It is a harmful bacterium used in the fermentation industry and seed culture, but since the spores are extremely resistant, sterilization can be thought of as meaning the eradication of this bacterium.

[Masami Soneda]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

真正細菌目バチルス科に属するグラム陽性の細菌で、胞子(芽胞(がほう))を形成し、好気性。かつて納豆(なっとう)菌B. nattoや馬鈴薯(ばれいしょ)菌B. mesentericusとよばれたものも同種である。形態は通常、桿(かん)状で、ときには短桿状、長桿状となる。0.5~2.5×1.2~10マイクロメートル(1マイクロメートルは100万分の1メートル)。周鞭毛(べんもう)をもち、胞子は卵形である。発育はきわめて早く、寒天培養基上では灰白色で平滑、またはわずかに皺(しわ)状の集落(コロニー)をつくる。集落は円形ないしアメーバ状で、粘質性である。ゼラチンは速やかに液化し、含糖液体培地ではガスを生産せず、また牛乳を凝固しないで、徐々にアルカリ性となる。発育温度は30~37℃である。

 自然界に広く分布し、強力なタンパク、デンプン分解酵素のほか、ペクチン分解酵素を生産する。ときには抗生物質を生産し、納豆のほか酵素剤の製造にも応用され、この方面での研究が進んでいる。発酵工業や種菌培養の雑菌として有害菌であるが、胞子はきわめて抵抗性が強いため、滅菌という場合は、本菌を絶滅することを意味すると考えてよい。

[曽根田正己]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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