Normandy (English spelling)

Japanese: ノルマンディー - のるまんでぃー(英語表記)Normandie
Normandy (English spelling)

Historical region and former province name in northern France. A low-lying area facing the English Channel, with the Cotentin Peninsula jutting out into the channel in the north. Currently, it is divided into five departments: Eure, Seine-Maritime, Calvados, Manche, and Orne. Administratively, the first two departments make up Upper Normandy, with an area of ​​12,317 square kilometers, a population of 1,780,192 (1999), and its capital city of Rouen. The last three departments make up Lower Normandy, with an area of ​​17,589 square kilometers, a population of 1,422,193 (1999), and its capital city of Caen.

Geologically, this region is an old land mass formed by uplift due to Variscan folding (or more specifically, Armorican folding) during the Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic Era (350 million years ago), and is of the same age as the Massif Central and western England. The climate is humid due to the oceanic climate on the west coast. Even the hills in the east are mostly flat, with an altitude of less than 350 meters. As the area is suitable for the growth of pasture, dairy farming and the dairy industry are thriving. More than a quarter of the region's population is concentrated in the triangle connecting Rouen, Le Havre, and Caen, and the population density is high, with a concentration of secondary and tertiary industries progressing. There are beaches centered around the city of Granville on the west coast of the Cotentin Peninsula, and there are many villas, making it a tourist destination.

[Nobuo Takahashi]

history

In the 1st century BC, the Celtic and Belgian tribes that lived in this region were conquered by Caesar, and during the Roman Empire, it was incorporated into the 2nd Province of Lyon. At the end of the 3rd century, Christianity was spread in cities such as Rouen. In the 7th century, under the rule of the Frankish Kingdom, large monasteries such as Saint-Wandreuil and Jumièges were established, and Christianization of rural areas also progressed. The Archdiocese of Rouen, organized during the Carolingian period, roughly corresponds to the later Normandy.

In the second half of the 9th century, the Normans intensified their invasions, and established winter quarters at the mouth of the Seine. Between 911 and 933, the Normans forced the West Frankish kings to cede most of the territory of the Archbishopric of Rouen, accepted Christianity, and established a duchy firmly organized by feudalism. They were also eager to expand abroad, and William II, Duke of Normandy, conquered England in 1066 and became its king (William I of England), and some of them advanced into southern Italy and Sicily, and established the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in the 12th century. In the second half of the 12th century, the Count of Anjou gained great power by taking control of most of western France, the Duchy of Normandy, and the Kingdom of England, but King Philip II of France conquered Normandy in 1204 and merged it with the royal domain. However, the duchy maintained its own common law, Supreme Court (the precursor of the modern Parlement of Rouen), and various privileges. During the Hundred Years' War it was under English rule from 1419 to 1450.

The religious wars of the 16th century intensified in the region, dealing a major blow to industry. In the 17th century, the crown strengthened its control over Normandy while suppressing several rebellions. In 1666, the Three Estates General was abolished, weakening the unity of the cantons. On the other hand, the textile industry grew in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially in the eastern part of the region, and the Industrial Revolution progressed early in the 19th century. It is well known that on June 6, 1944, at the end of World War II, Allied forces launched an invasion of the German-occupied coast of the region.

[Atsushi Egawa]

[Reference] | Normandy Landings

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランス北部の歴史的地方名、旧州名。イギリス海峡に面する低平な地域で、北部はコタンタン半島が海峡に向けて突出する。現在はウール、セーヌ・マリティーム、カルバドス、マンシュ、オルヌの5県に分かれる。地域行政上、前2県でオート(上)・ノルマンディーを構成し、面積1万2317平方キロメートル、人口178万0192(1999)、中心都市はルーアン。後3県でバス(下)・ノルマンディーを構成し、面積1万7589平方キロメートル、人口142万2193(1999)、中心都市はカーン。

 この地方は、地質的には古生代石炭紀(3億5000万年前)のバリスカン褶曲(しゅうきょく)(狭義にはアルモリカン褶曲)による隆起でできた古い地塊で、マッシフ・サントラル(中央群山)やイギリス西部の地質と同年代のものである。気候は西岸海洋性のため湿潤である。東部の丘陵でも標高350メートル以下で平坦(へいたん)地が多い。牧草の成長に適しているため酪農と乳業が盛んである。ルーアン、ル・アーブル、カーンを結ぶ三角地帯に当地方人口の4分の1以上が集まり、人口密度が高く、第二次、第三次産業の集積が進んでいる。コタンタン半島西岸の都市グランビルを中心に海水浴場が開け、別荘も多く観光地化も進展している。

[高橋伸夫]

歴史

紀元前1世紀、この地方に居住したケルト人、ベルガエ人の諸部族はカエサルの征服を受け、ローマ帝政期にはリヨン第2州に編入された。3世紀末、ルーアンなどの都市にはキリスト教が布教された。フランク王国支配下の7世紀にはサン・ワンドリーユ、ジュミエージュなどの大修道院がつくられ、農村部のキリスト教化も進んだ。カロリング朝期に組織されたルーアン大司教管区は、ほぼ後のノルマンディーに合致する。

 9世紀後半にはノルマン人の侵入が激化し、セーヌ川の河口には彼らの冬営地が設けられた。ノルマン人は911年から933年にかけて西フランク王にルーアン大司教管区の領域のほとんどを割譲させ、キリスト教を受容し、また封建制によって強固に組織された公領を築いた。対外進出にも意欲的で、ノルマンディー公ギヨーム2世は1066年にイングランドを征服してその王となり(イギリス王ウィリアム1世)、また彼らの一部は南イタリアとシチリア島に進出し、12世紀に両シチリア王国を建設した。12世紀後半にはアンジュー伯が西部フランスの大部分とノルマンディー公領、イングランド王国を手中に収めて大勢力となったが、フランス王フィリップ2世は1204年にノルマンディーを征服し、王領に合併した。しかし公領は独自の慣習法、最高法廷(近世のルーアン高等法院の前身)、諸特権を維持した。百年戦争中の1419年から1450年まではイギリスの支配を受ける。

 16世紀の宗教戦争はこの地方では激化し、産業に大きな打撃を与えた。17世紀には、王権は幾度かの反乱を鎮圧しつつ、ノルマンディーへの統制を強化した。1666年には州三部会も廃され、州としてのまとまりは弱体化した。他方17、18世紀にはとりわけ東部において繊維工業が成長し、19世紀には産業革命が早期に進展した。第二次世界大戦末期の1944年6月6日、連合軍がドイツ占領下のこの地方の海岸に敵前上陸を敢行したことは有名である。

[江川 温]

[参照項目] | ノルマンディー上陸作戦

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