Gibbs, JW - Gibbs

Japanese: ギブズ,J.W. - ぎぶず
Gibbs, JW - Gibbs

…American theoretical physicist. After graduating from Yale University, he obtained a doctorate in engineering research. From 1866, he studied at the universities of Paris, Berlin, and Heidelberg for three years, learning from GR Kirchhoff and HLF von Helmholtz. In 1871, he became America's first professor of mathematical physics at Yale University, a position he held until his death. His research, which began with theoretical studies of thermodynamics, extended to statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, vector analysis, and algebra. Among his most notable achievements were his paper On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1876-78), which established the basic system of chemical thermodynamics and created the laws and concepts currently in use, such as the phase rule, free energy, and chemical potential, and his paper Fundamentals of Statistical Mechanics (1902), which established the foundations of ensemble theory in statistical mechanics. …

From [Free Energy]

The Gibbs free energy is a function of the Helmholtz free energy, which is a function of the Gibbs free energy. The Gibbs free energy is a function of the Helmholtz free energy, which is a function of the Gibbs free energy. The Gibbs free energy is a function of the Helmholtz free energy. The Gibbs free energy is a function of the Helmholtz free energy. The Gibbs free energy is a function of the Gibbs ...
[Helmholtz free energy]
Helmholtz free energy F is defined as F = U - TS , where U is the internal energy, S is the entropy, and T is the absolute temperature.

From [Statistical Mechanics]

...This is called the ergodic theorem. Boltzmann used this method to extend the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution to what JW Gibbs called the canonical distribution, but this new method was not noticed until Maxwell took up the idea in 1979. Ergodic theory
[Maxwell's Demon]
Maxwell held that the second law of thermodynamics is a statistical truth rather than a mathematical truth.

*Some of the terminology references "Gibbs, JW" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…アメリカの理論物理学者。イェール大学を卒業後,工学の研究で学位を得る。1866年から3年間,パリ,ベルリン,ハイデルベルクの各大学に留学し,G.R.キルヒホフ,H.L.F.vonヘルムホルツらに学んだ。71年,イェール大学でアメリカ最初の数理物理学教授に就任,終世その職にあった。熱力学の理論的研究に始まる彼の研究は,統計力学,電磁気学,ベクトル解析,代数学に及ぶが,なかでも化学熱力学の基本体系を確立し,相律,自由エネルギー,化学ポテンシャルなど,現在使われている法則,概念を創造した論文《不均一物質の平衡について》(1876‐78)および統計力学のアンサンブル理論の基礎を築き上げた《統計力学の基本原理》(1902)は画期的な業績である。…

【自由エネルギー】より

…物質の熱力学的な性質を規定する関数(状態量)の一つ。ヘルムホルツの自由エネルギーとギブズの自由エネルギーの2種類があり,一般に系の変化は自由エネルギーの減少する方向にのみ進み,熱平衡状態はこれが極小となるとき実現する。
[ヘルムホルツの自由エネルギー]
 ヘルムホルツの自由エネルギーFは,内部エネルギーU,エントロピーS,絶対温度Tを用いて,FUTSによって定義される。…

【統計力学】より

…これをエルゴード定理と呼ぶ。ボルツマンはこの方法でマクスウェル=ボルツマン分布をJ.W.ギブズが正準分布と呼ぶものへと拡張したのであるが,マクスウェルが79年に取り上げるまで,この新方法も顧みられなかった。エルゴード理論
[マクスウェルの魔物]
 マクスウェルは熱力学の第2法則は数学的真理ではなく統計的真理であるとした。…

※「ギブズ,J.W.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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