Farmers' Union - Nouminkuumiai

Japanese: 農民組合 - のうみんくみあい
Farmers' Union - Nouminkuumiai

A mass peasant organization formed after the Meiji period in order for peasants to unite against landlords and to maintain and improve farming conditions, secure farming rights, etc. However, when attempts are made to unite all arable peasants on a class basis beyond simple tenant farming conditions and agricultural management conditions, it may include organizations organized for the purpose of class struggle as allies of labor unions.

[Nitagai Kamon]

Prewar

In the Meiji era, as self-sufficient home industries in rural areas were disintegrating and rents soared, the farmers' union movement in Japan became a movement by tenant farmers against landlords after the so-called peasant unrest. Therefore, Japanese farmers' unions developed in the form of tenant farmers' unions. Early examples include the Gifu tenant farmers' union formed in 1875 (Meiji 8), and a similar union in Kochi that was formed later, but it was in the 1880s and 1890s that they were formed all over the country. The union movement of this era clearly showed its characteristics as a tenant farmers' union. The unions aimed to maintain or improve tenant farming conditions, such as preventing competition for tenant land and reducing or exempting rents, and to protect the rights of cultivation, with the aim of protecting the interests and improving the status of tenant farmers. For this reason, union movements and the struggles they led were generally individual and mild.

It was after World War I that the conditions for peasant union activity changed dramatically due to the double pressure of intensifying exploitation of tenant farmers by landlords and the development of capitalism, which greatly affected the production and living conditions of tenant farmers. By 1917 (Taisho 6), the number of tenant farmers' unions had increased to 130 unions. At this point, some unions had already undergone a qualitative transformation from unions that cooperated with landlords to unions that were more confrontational, and this marked the height of the peasant movement in 1918. Peasants, who had suffered severe impoverishment compared to the economic boom of World War I, were influenced by the Russian Revolution and the urban labor movement and were rapidly organized into peasant unions.

In April 1922, the Japan Farmers' Union (Nihon Noh) was founded as the first nationwide farmers' union in Japan, and this marked the expansion of the organization. The number of unions and members increased year by year, reaching its first peak in 1927 (Showa 2). However, even in this period of rising farmers' union activity, ideological conflict within the Nihon Noh leadership intensified, and in March 1926 the right wing withdrew (first split) to form the All Japan Farmers' Union Alliance, and in February of the following year the left wing expelled the moderate faction (second split), which then formed the All Japan Farmers' Union (Zennihon Noh), and thereafter the union continued to split and merge. Nihon Noh and Zennihon Noh reunited after the March 15 Incident in 1928 to form the National Farmers' Union (Zennihon Noh), but the internal left-right conflict did not cease.

In this situation, the idea of ​​breaking away from the sole form of the tenant farmers' union movement and organizing farmers' committees to support tenant farmers' unions and develop a mass movement was proposed (the National Conference Faction of the Zennoh left wing), which also showed a new aspect of class struggle, but was met with severe repression from landlords and the authorities. If the goal was to fundamentally improve tenant farming conditions, it would inevitably come into conflict with society as a whole, whose national system is based on the order of rural villages (= villages) controlled by landlords. Therefore, tenant farmers' unions had no choice but to enter into political struggles, which also served to dismantle the order in the villages. However, this movement was quickly defeated by the storm of fascism.

[Nitagai Kamon]

Postwar

After World War II, tenant farmers were rapidly organized with the goal of new land reform, and in February 1946, the various prewar factions of farmers' unions that had been dispersed came together to form the Japan Farmers' Union (Nihon Noh). By 1947, the union's membership was said to be over 1.2 million. However, at the time of its formation, there was already ideological conflict over the method of land reform, and as in the prewar period, the union followed the path of division and affiliation with political parties. In other words, it split into the National Farmers' Union (Zen-Noh) affiliated with the right-wing Socialist Party, the Nihon Noh subjectivity faction affiliated with the left-wing Socialist Party, and the Nihon Noh unification faction affiliated with the Communist Party and labor-farmers. These unions had large differences in their views on land reform, the survival of feudal power in rural areas, and monopoly capitalism, and therefore the policies of their union movements were also different. However, once land reform was tentatively completed, all of them lost sight of their goals and ceased their activities. Around 1956 there was a movement to unify the front, and in March 1958 they were unified into the All-Japan Farmers Union Federation, but because it had no subordinate organizations, it was unable to re-develop the farmers' union movement as a mass movement.

[Nitagai Kamon]

``History of the Japanese Peasant Movement'' by Keiichiro Aoki, Volume 5, Supplementary Volume 1 (1958-62, Nippon Hyoron Shinsha)``History of the Japanese Peasant Movement'' by Susumu Inaoka (Aoki Bunko)''

[Reference items] | National Farmers' Union | All Japan Farmers' Union | Japan Farmers' Union | Farmers' Movement

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

明治以降に農民が地主に対して団結し、耕作条件の維持・改善、耕作権の確保などを図るために結成した大衆的農民組織。しかし、単なる小作条件や農業経営条件を超え、全耕作農民の階級的団結が試みられる場合には、労働組合の同盟軍として、階級闘争の目的に組織された団体を含める場合もある。

[似田貝香門]

戦前

日本における農民組合運動は、明治時代になって、農村の自給的家内工業が解体し、小作料が高騰していくなかで、いわゆる農民騒擾(そうじょう)以降、小作人の対地主への運動となっていった。したがって日本の農民組合は、小作人組合という形で展開してきた。初期のものには1875年(明治8)結成の岐阜の小作人組合や、その後結成された高知の同様の組合がみられるが、全国各地に結成されていくのは1880年代~90年代である。この時代の組合運動は、小作人組合のそれとしての性格が鮮明に出ている。小作地競争防止、小作料減免・引下げなどの小作条件の維持・改善を目ざすものや、耕作権の擁護など、小作農の利益擁護と地位の改善を目的としたものであった。それがゆえに、組合運動やそれに主導される闘争は概して個別的であり、かつ穏和であった。

 地主の小作に対する搾取の強化と小作の生産・生活の条件に大きく影響を与えた資本主義の発展という二重の圧迫によって、農民組合の運動条件が大きく変わっていくのは第一次世界大戦後である。1917年(大正6)には130組合にまで小作人組合は増加していった。すでにこの時点で、一部には、地主と協調していく性格をもつ組合から、むしろ抗争的組合へと質的に展開を遂げていく組合も現れ、農民運動高揚期の1918年を迎える。第一次大戦の景気に比して窮乏化の激しかった農民は、ロシア革命や都市の労働運動の影響を受け、急速に農民組合に組織化されていった。

 1922年4月、日本で最初の全国的農民組合としての日本農民組合(日農)が創立され、これをきっかけに組織の拡大がみられた。組合数および組合員数は年々増加し、27年(昭和2)には組合数は第一のピークを迎え、組合員数は最大となった。ところが、こうした農民組合運動の高揚期にありながら、日農の内部においては指導層の思想的対立が激化し、1926年3月に右派が脱退(第一次分裂)して全日本農民組合同盟を結成し、翌27年2月には左派による中間派の除名が行われ(第二次分裂)、中間派は全日本農民組合(全日農)を結成、以降、離合集散という状態が続いた。日農と全日農は28年の三・一五事件後に再合同して全国農民組合(全農)となったが、内部の左右抗争はやまなかった。

 このようななかで、小作人組合運動一本の運動形態から脱却し、小作人組合を支えて大衆運動を展開するための農民委員会の組織化が提起され(全農左派の全国会議派)、階級闘争という新しい様相をも示したが、地主や官憲の厳しい弾圧を受けた。小作条件の抜本的改善を目標とすれば、地主によって支配されている農村(=むら)の秩序を国家体制の土台としている全体社会と必然的にぶつからざるをえない。したがって、小作人組合は政治闘争にも進出せざるをえなかったわけであり、他方でそれはムラの秩序を解体させていく力ともなっていた。しかし、このような動きは、ファシズムの嵐(あらし)によってまたたくまに打ち負かされてしまった。

[似田貝香門]

戦後

第二次大戦後、新しい土地改革を目標に急速に小作農民の組織化が行われ、1946年(昭和21)2月には、離散していた戦前の農民組合各派が大同団結をし、日本農民組合(日農)が結成された。組合員数は47年には120万人以上といわれた。しかし、この結成時にすでに土地改革の方法をめぐる思想的対立があり、戦前と同様、分裂と政党別系列化の道を歩んだ。すなわち、右派社会党系の全国農民組合(全農)、左派社会党系の日農主体性派、共産党・労農系の日農統一派などに分裂した。これらの組合は、農地改革や農村の封建勢力の残存の評価や独占資本主義に対する評価をめぐって大きな主張の差がみられ、したがって組合運動の運動方針も異なっていた。しかし、そのいずれもが、農地改革のいちおうの終了とともに目標を見失い、活動を停止していった。1956年ごろに戦線統一の気運がおこり、58年3月に全日本農民組合連合会への統一がなったが、下部組織を伴わないものであり、大衆運動としての農民組合運動を再展開することはできなかった。

[似田貝香門]

『青木恵一郎著『日本農民運動史』五巻・補巻一(1958~62・日本評論新社)』『稲岡進著『日本農民運動史』(青木文庫)』

[参照項目] | 全国農民組合 | 全日本農民組合 | 日本農民組合 | 農民運動

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Differentiation of peasantry

>>:  Farmers Cooperative Party

Recommend

Mitsutoyo Kanjuji

Year of death: October 27, 1612 (November 19, 1612...

Kankata

A general term for instrumentalists in gagaku, esp...

Kanchuuki - Kanchuuki

Also known as "Kalenaka Kyoki." This is...

Land tenure - Tochihoyu (English spelling) tenure

Generally speaking, it refers to a specific indivi...

Kinmuro - Kinmuro

…Their morphologies are very similar, but the sca...

The Trastámara Dynasty - Casa de Trastámara

A dynasty that ruled the two Iberian peninsula cou...

Triennale

...Among these, biennial exhibitions such as the ...

Oginohama

A district of Ishinomaki City in the northwest of ...

Ascalaphus ramburi (English spelling) Ascalaphusramburi

...They are widely distributed from the tropics t...

Naga Matsumoto

Noh actor. Shite actor of the Hosho school. Born ...

Molasses

1. Sugar molasses. ⇒ Sugar molasses 2. A brown, th...

Battle of Henauke - Battle of Henauke

In 1643 (Kan'ei 20), the Ainu people of the Se...

CNRS

CNRS is France's "National Center for Sc...

Oshisaka Palace

According to the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, the pala...

A visit to a shrine - A visit to a shrine

A form of pilgrimage to Ise in the early modern pe...