The area of meteorology that is particularly relevant to agriculture. Since agricultural production is greatly influenced by weather changes, various prayer events have been held since ancient times to pray for a good harvest. In the past, the lunar calendar was the norm, and the calendar included 72 seasonal divisions and miscellaneous festivals as a guide for the agricultural seasons. The early influence of agricultural weather can be seen in these events and seasons. In the Meiji era, the subject of agricultural meteorology in Japan was the field of long-range forecasting, which attempted to predict summer weather before the cultivation of summer crops began. This was intended to prevent the cold damage that occurred frequently in the Tohoku region during the Meiji era. The long-range weather forecasting used today began at this time. Predicting late frost damage, which caused great harm to the cultivation of tea, the star of the export industry at the time, also became an important subject of agricultural meteorology. After that, long-range forecasts and the like were transferred to the field of meteorology, and fields directly related to crop production developed into the subject of agricultural meteorology. [Takao Ando and Yoh Nomura] Agricultural meteorologyAgricultural climate refers to the area of weather related specifically to agriculture, but is generally included in agricultural meteorology. There is also the area of weather related specifically to forests, called forest meteorology or forestry meteorology, which is also included in agricultural meteorology. In Japanese agricultural meteorology, the relationship between the yield of crops, especially rice, and weather was studied until the 1930s. In northern Japan, high summer temperatures lead to higher yields, while low summer temperatures result in lower yields than average. On average, in the Tohoku region, a 1°C increase in the average temperature in July and August leads to an increase in yields of 37.5 kilograms (brown rice) per 10 ares. In western Japan, the effect of rainfall is greater than that of temperature, but the relationship is not as clear as that of temperature in northern Japan. With the exception of Okinawa Prefecture, rainfall in Japan is rarely insufficient to cause serious droughts, due to the development of irrigation facilities, and heavy rainfall causes more damage than floods. The old saying that "there is no poor harvest in drought" refers to the fact that, regardless of the local situation, rice was harvested better in years with less rain overall, and this well illustrates the relationship between rainfall and rice yield in Japan. Since the relationship between crop yields and weather is close, it is possible to predict crop yields from changes in the weather. This is called "weather-based prediction of crop yields." This relationship is also used when developing undeveloped land, to estimate what type of crop is suitable for that land based on its climatic conditions. The oldest meteorological office in Japan is the Hokkaido Colonization Agency's Hakodate Climate Observatory (now the Hakodate Marine Meteorological Observatory), which was established on August 26, 1872 (July 23, Meiji 5). Furthermore, of the eight meteorological offices established throughout the country by 1879 (Meiji 12), four were in Hokkaido, where many settlers had been developing the area since the Meiji era. The field that investigates the relationship between crop yields and weather is called crop meteorology. Agricultural micrometeorology is a field that deals with the localized weather conditions of limited agricultural land. It was started in the 1940s by Rudolf Oskar Robert Williams Geiger (1894-1981) of Germany and others, and has been widely studied in Japan, focusing on paddy fields and orchards, with effective results in terms of disaster prevention. As greenhouse cultivation, in which horticultural crops are grown in greenhouses that are artificially heated and supplied with carbon dioxide gas, has developed, the results of micrometeorology research have come to be widely used in regulating the artificial weather and designing facilities. [Takao Ando and Yoh Nomura] Research on disaster preventionThe fact that the success or failure of agricultural crops is often influenced by the weather also shows that agricultural crops are susceptible to weather-related disasters. Weather fluctuations quickly manifest themselves as agricultural meteorological disasters. Drops in summer temperatures cause cold damage to agricultural crops in northern Japan, while high temperatures and little rain in summer cause drought damage in western Japan. In addition, frost damage, wind and flood damage, snow damage, cold damage, and other damages are all caused by abnormal weather conditions. Therefore, preventing agricultural meteorological disasters is an essential field for agricultural meteorology. After World War II, there was a call for increased production of food, especially rice, and measures to prevent cold damage to rice were promoted. A method was developed to cover seedbeds with paper and other materials to promote early cultivation of seedlings and avoid cold damage, and this played a major role in preventing cold damage along with improving rice varieties. Later, with the development of vinyl, this cover cultivation was applied to vegetable gardening and other fields, bringing about a new era in Japanese agriculture. This was a major achievement resulting from research into preventing agricultural meteorological disasters. Today, Japan depends on foreign countries for the majority of its agricultural food products, and as of 2010, the food self-sufficiency rate was 39% in terms of calorie supply (calorie-based self-sufficiency rate) and 69% in terms of production value (according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries). Note that the calorie-based self-sufficiency rate (calorie-based overall food self-sufficiency rate) is the self-sufficiency rate calculated using the calories contained in the food, while the production value-based self-sufficiency rate (production value-based overall food self-sufficiency rate) is the self-sufficiency rate calculated using the price of the food. Therefore, the harvest and distribution of agricultural products overseas will have a major impact on Japan's food situation. It is expected that the field of crop meteorology, which involves predicting the harvest and harvest of agricultural crops on a global scale, will become a new field of agricultural meteorology in the future. [Takao Ando and Yoh Nomura] "Agricultural Meteorological Observatory of the Four Seasons" by Uchijima Zenbei (1990, Agriculture and Forestry Statistics Association)" ▽ "Agricultural Meteorology" edited by Tsuboi Yasoji (1990, Yokendo)" ▽ "Agricultural Meteorological Disasters and Countermeasures" edited by Maki Taichi, Suzuki Yoshinori, Kamoda Fukuya, Hayakawa Seiji, and Tomari Isao (1991, Yokendo)" ▽ "New Science of Agricultural Meteorology and the Environment" edited by the Agricultural Meteorological Society of Japan (1994, Yokendo)" ▽ "Agricultural Meteorology New Edition" by Iwakiri Satoshi (1999, National Agricultural Improvement and Extension Association)" ▽ "Crop Growth and the Environment" by Nishio Michinori, Kozai Toyoki, Oku Hachiro, Nakasuji Fusao, and Oki Yoko (2000, Rural Culture Association)" ▽ "Agriculture and Meteorology in the Age of Global Warming" by Uchijima Zenbei (2000, Komyakusha)" ▽ "Yo Nomura, 'The Marine Meteorological Observatory and the Kobe Collection: Marine Observation Materials that Survived History' (2010, Seizando Shoten)" [Reference items] | | |Drought| | | | | | | | | |Wind |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
農業にとくに関係のある気象の分野をいう。 農産物の生産は気象の変動に左右されることが大きいので、昔から農作物の豊作を祈って、いろいろな祈願の行事が行われた。また昔は太陰暦を主としていたので、暦のなかに農耕の季節の目安として、七十二候(しちじゅうにこう)や雑節(ざっせつ)を置いた。これらの行事や季節のなかに、農業気象の初期のかかわりを求めることができる。 明治時代になって、日本の農業気象の対象として、夏作物の耕作が始まる前に、その夏の天候を予測しようとする長期予報の分野が取り上げられた。これは明治年間に東北地方に頻発した冷害を防ぐことを意図したものである。今日行われている気象の長期予報は、このときに始まる。また、当時輸出産業の花形であったチャ(茶)の栽培に大きな害を及ぼす晩霜害の予想なども、農業気象上の重要な対象となった。その後、長期予報などは気象の分野に移行し、農作物の生産に直接関係のある分野が、農業気象の対象として発展していった。 [安藤隆夫・饒村 曜] 農業気象の分野農業気候は農業にとくに関連する気候の分野をさすが、一般に農業気象のなかに含まれる。またとくに森林に関連する気象の分野があり、森林気象とか林業気象とかよばれているが、これも農業気象のなかに含める。 日本の農業気象学では、昭和10年代までは、農作物、とくにイネの豊凶と気象との関係が研究された。北日本では夏の気温が高ければ収量はあがり、低ければ平年作以下となる。平均的にみると、東北地方では、7、8月の平均気温が1℃高くなると、10アール当りにして37.5キログラム(玄米)の収量が増加する。西日本では気温よりもむしろ雨量の影響が大きいが、北日本の気温ほどにははっきりした関係が現れない。日本の雨量は、沖縄県などを除いては、灌漑(かんがい)施設の整備などと相まって、それほど大きな干魃(かんばつ)がおこるほどに不足することは少なく、むしろ大雨による洪水などの害のほうが大きい。昔から「日照りに不作なし」といわれるのは、局地的にはともかく、全体的にみれば雨はむしろ少なめの年のほうが米はよくとれたことをさしたもので、日本の雨量と米の収量との関係をよく表しているものといえる。 農作物の収量と気象との関係は密接であるので、気象の変化から作物の豊凶を予測することができる。これを「気象による農作物の豊凶予測」という。また、未開の土地を開く場合に、その土地の気候状態から、どんな種類の農作物がその土地に適するかを推定することにも、この関係は利用される。日本で一番古い気象官署は、1872年8月26日(明治5年7月23日)にできた開拓使函館気候測量所(現在の函館海洋気象台)である。また、1879年(明治12)までに全国にできた8か所の気象官署のうち4か所が、明治時代になって多くの入植者が開拓を進めた北海道にある。以上のように農作物の収量と気象との関係を調査する分野を作物気象学という。 農耕地の限られた局地的な気象を対象とする分野を農地微気象という。1940年代にドイツのガイガーRudolf Oskar Robert Williams Geiger(1894―1981)などによって始められた分野で、日本でも水田や果樹園などを対象に広く研究が行われ、防災上の効果をあげた。また、ビニルの被覆栽培などで、温室内を人工的に加熱したり、炭酸ガスを補供したりして、その中で園芸作物を栽培する施設園芸が発展するに伴って、その人工気象の調節や施設の設計などに、微気象の研究成果が広く利用されるようになった。 [安藤隆夫・饒村 曜] 災害防除の研究農作物の豊凶は気象に左右されることが多いことはまた、農作物が気象による災害を受けやすいことを示している。気象の変動は、すぐに農業気象災害となって現れる。夏季の気温の低下は北日本の農作物の冷害となるし、夏季の高温少雨は西日本の干害となる。そのほか、霜害、風水害、雪害、寒害などいずれも気象条件の異常がその原因である。したがって、農業気象災害の防除は、農業気象にとって不可欠の分野である。第二次世界大戦後、食糧とくに米の増産が叫ばれ、イネの冷害対策が進められたが、苗代を障子紙などでカバーして、苗の早期栽培を図り、冷害を回避する方法が開発され、イネの品種改良とともに、冷害の防除に大きな役割を果たした。その後ビニルの開発とともに、野菜園芸などにもこの被覆栽培が応用され、日本の農業に新時代をもたらした。これは、農業気象災害防除の研究が生んだ大きな成果であった。 今日の日本は、その食糧農産物の大半を海外に依存しており、2010年(平成22)の時点での食料自給率は、供給熱量自給率(カロリーベースの自給率)では39%、生産額ベースの自給率では69%である(農林水産省資料)。なお、カロリーベースの自給率(カロリーベース総合食料自給率)とは、その食料に含まれるカロリーを用いて計算した自給率の値であり、生産額ベースの自給率(生産額ベース総合食料自給率)とは、その食料の価格を用いて計算した自給率の値である。したがって海外の農産物の豊凶とその流通は、日本の食糧事情に大きな影響をもたらすことになる。今後世界的な規模での農作物の豊凶予想という作物気象学の分野が、農業気象の一つの新しい分野となることが予想される。 [安藤隆夫・饒村 曜] 『内嶋善兵衛著『四季の農業気象台』(1990・農林統計協会)』▽『坪井八十二編『農業気象学』(1990・養賢堂)』▽『真木太一・鈴木義則・鴨田福也・早川誠而・泊功編著『農業気象災害と対策』(1991・養賢堂)』▽『日本農業気象学会編『新しい農業気象・環境の科学』(1994・養賢堂)』▽『岩切敏著『農業気象 新版』(1999・全国農業改良普及協会)』▽『西尾道徳・古在豊樹・奥八郎・中筋房夫・沖陽子著『作物の生育と環境』(2000・農山漁村文化協会)』▽『内嶋善兵衛著『農業と気象 地球温暖化のなかで』(2000・鉱脈社)』▽『饒村曜著『海洋気象台と神戸コレクション――歴史を生き抜いた海洋観測資料』(2010・成山堂書店)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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