A compound equivalent to the diamide of carbonic acid. It is also called urea, urea, or carbamide. It is named after its presence in the urine of animals. It is a colorless, odorless columnar crystal. Urea was isolated from urine in 1773 by French chemist Hilaire Marin Rouelle (1718-1799). It was first artificially synthesized from ammonium cyanate by the German Wöhler in 1824. Wöhler's synthesis is famous for demonstrating that organic matter can be synthesized from inorganic matter, and for experimentally disproving vitalism, which held that organic matter can only be synthesized by living organisms. Current methods for production include the hydrolysis of calcium cyanamide (lime nitrogen hydrolysis method) and the dehydration of ammonium carbamate produced by the reaction of ammonia with carbon dioxide (direct synthesis method), with the latter being the mainstream industrial method. Soluble in water and ethanol (ethyl alcohol), but insoluble in ether. At 150-170°C, it produces biuret H 2 NCONHCONH 2. When copper sulfate is added in an alkaline solution, it turns purple. It forms inclusion compounds with many straight-chain hydrocarbons and their derivatives. It is mainly used as a raw material for fertilizers and urea resins. It is also used as a raw material for diuretics and hypnotics (barbituric acid derivatives), for extracting n -alkanes from petroleum, and for synthesizing hydrazine and melamine. [Kiyoshi Mutai] Urea in the bodyIt is found quite widely throughout the animal kingdom, in the blood and body fluids of vertebrates, and in large amounts in the urine of mammals, but it is also found in nematodes, crustaceans, and mollusks, and in small amounts in fungi such as mushrooms and molds. The muscles of cartilaginous fish such as sharks and rays contain large amounts of urea. In humans and other mammals, adult amphibians, and cartilaginous fish, urea accounts for the majority of the final product of protein breakdown. It is acted upon by urease, which is present in plants, bacteria, and yeast, to produce carbon dioxide and ammonia. In the body, proteins are broken down into amino acids, which are then converted into ammonia and then produced in the ornithine cycle (also called the urea cycle) in the liver. Various reactions in this cycle convert toxic ammonia into non-toxic urea. Hyperammonemia and encephalopathy are known to occur due to abnormalities in the enzymes of the urea cycle. The urea thus produced is no longer used and is excreted in the urine. The amount excreted is related to the amount of protein consumed, and in humans, it is 25 to 35 grams per day, accounting for 80 to 90% of the nitrogenous components of urine and about half of the solid components. Urea is excreted in urine through the kidneys, but the blood concentration increases when kidney disease or urinary tract obstruction occurs. Therefore, fluctuations in the urea levels in blood and urine are one of the representative clinical chemistry test items. Birds excrete the nitrogen final product in the form of uric acid, while bony fish excrete it in the form of ammonia. [Michiko Iijima] fertilizerUrea contains over 45% nitrogen, the highest content of any commercially available nitrogen fertilizer, so there are no transportation or packaging costs, it is suitable for large-scale industrial production, and it is a neutral fertilizer that does not adversely affect the soil even with repeated use, so its consumption as a fertilizer has increased significantly, and it has become one of the two leading nitrogen fertilizers, along with ammonium sulfate. Urea is converted into ammonium salts by the action of microorganisms in the soil, and can be absorbed by plants. This change varies depending on the season and type of soil, but it usually takes two or three days in summer and one or two weeks in winter. Although it takes some time to become effective, it is a fast-acting fertilizer. The disadvantage of urea is that it is not easily absorbed by soil because it does not ionize, and it is easily washed away by rainwater. [Yuki Koyama] "The Journey of Nitrogen in Living Organisms" by Masataka Mori (1991, Kyoritsu Shuppan)" ▽ "The People Who Created Biochemistry" by Kakuzo Maruyama (2001, Shokabo)" ▽ "Harper's Biochemistry, 28th Edition, by R.K. Murray et al., supervised translation by Yoshihito Ueda and Takao Shimizu (2011, Maruzen)" [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Supplementary information] |©Shogakukan "> Urea manufacturing process Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
炭酸のジアミドに相当する化合物。ユリア、ウレア、カルバミドcarbamideともいう。動物の尿中に存在するのでこの名がある。無色無臭の柱状結晶。尿素は1773年にフランスの化学者ルエルHilaire Marin Rouelle(1718―1799)により尿中から分離された。人工的には、1824年ドイツのウェーラーによりシアン酸アンモニウムから合成されたのが最初である。このウェーラーの合成は、無機物から有機物を合成できることを示し、有機物は生物のみが合成できるとした生気論を実験により否定した点で有名である。 現在の製造法としては、カルシウムシアナミドの加水分解(石灰窒素加水分解法)、アンモニアと二酸化炭素との反応で生成するカルバミン酸アンモニウムの脱水(直接合成法)などの合成法があるが、後者が工業的方法の主流となっている。 水、エタノール(エチルアルコール)には可溶、エーテルには不溶。150~170℃でビウレットH2NCONHCONH2を生成。またアルカリ性で硫酸銅を加えると紫色を呈する。 多くの直鎖炭化水素やその誘導体と包接化合物をつくる。肥料、ユリア樹脂(尿素樹脂)の原料としておもに利用されている。そのほか、利尿剤や催眠剤の原料(バルビツール酸誘導体)、石油中のn-アルカンの抽出、ヒドラジンやメラミンの合成原料としても用いられる。 [務台 潔] 生体中の尿素動物界にかなり広く存在し、脊椎(せきつい)動物の血液や体液をはじめ、哺乳(ほにゅう)類の尿中などに多いが、線虫類や甲殻類、あるいは軟体動物にもみられ、キノコやカビなどの菌類中にもわずかに存在する。サメやエイなどの軟骨魚類の筋肉中には多量の尿素が含まれる。ヒトその他の哺乳類や両生類の成体、軟骨魚類においては、尿素はタンパク質の最終分解物中の大部分を占める。植物や細菌・酵母に存在するウレアーゼの作用を受け、二酸化炭素とアンモニアを生成する。 生体中ではタンパク質がアミノ酸に分解され、さらにアンモニアを経て肝臓に存在するオルニチン回路(尿素回路ともいう)において生成される。この回路における諸反応により有毒なアンモニアが無毒な尿素に変化する。尿素回路の酵素の異常による高アンモニア血症や脳症などが知られている。こうして生じた尿素は、もはや利用されることなく尿中に排出される。排出量はタンパク摂取量に関係しており、ヒトでは1日に25~35グラムで、尿の窒素成分の80~90%、固形成分の約2分の1を占める。尿素は腎臓(じんぞう)を通じて尿中に排出されるが、腎疾患あるいは尿路閉塞(へいそく)をおこすと血中濃度が高くなる。したがって、血中および尿中の尿素値の変動は、代表的な臨床化学検査項目の一つである。なお、窒素の最終産物として鳥類は尿酸の形で、硬骨魚類はアンモニアの形で排出する。 [飯島道子] 肥料尿素は45%以上の窒素を含み市販の窒素肥料中もっとも高成分なので、輸送費、包装費など経費がかからないこと、大規模な工場生産に適すること、また中性肥料であり、連用しても土壌が悪変しにくいことから、肥料としての消費量が大幅に伸び、硫安と並んで窒素肥料の双璧(そうへき)となっている。尿素は土の中で微生物の作用でアンモニウム塩に変わり、植物に吸収されるようになる。この変化は季節や土の種類で違ってくるが、通常夏季では2、3日、冬季では1、2週間かかる。このように有効化に多少の期間が必要であるが、肥効は速効性の部類に属する。尿素の欠点としては、イオン化しないので土に吸収されにくく雨水で流されやすいことがあげられる。 [小山雄生] 『森正敬著『生体の窒素の旅』(1991・共立出版)』▽『丸山工作著『生化学をつくった人々』(2001・裳華房)』▽『R・K・マレー他著、上代淑人・清水孝雄監訳『ハーパー生化学』原書28版(2011・丸善)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [補完資料] |©Shogakukan"> 尿素の製造工程 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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