The right to secure sunlight (sunlight) for one's residence. The "right to sunlight" is a right asserted as a basis for seeking damages and suspending construction work when the obstruction of sunlight and lighting caused by a high-rise building exceeds what is considered to be tolerable according to social common sense. Injunctions and compensation are determined based on the location (called regionality) where the high-rise building is built and the extent of the damage. The right to sunlight began in the 1970s as a reaction to the damage caused by the construction of high-rise buildings such as apartment buildings for profit next to residential areas due to the concentration of population in cities and the soaring land prices, resulting in the obstruction of sunlight and the invasion of privacy. Initially, it started with discussions between the developers and the neighboring residents, but the developers insisted that the construction was legal and did not violate the Building Standards Act, and the residents also insisted that sunlight is a basic human right, escalating the situation by tactically taking the matter to court and asking the local government to make adjustments. The court accepted the residents' complaint and ordered damages for the apartment buildings that had already been built and an injunction against buildings under construction. The local government also tried to put a stop to this by establishing guidelines for residential development that would not allow construction without consultation with the residents. However, the residents went further and directly requested the local government to establish a legally binding "sunlight ordinance" rather than a vague regulation called administrative guidance. In response to this, the government revised the Building Standards Act in 1977 (Showa 52), stating that sunlight is an important benefit of urban life, and that in "residential areas" (the Building Standards Act and City Planning Act stipulate 12 types of use zones, including residential, commercial, and industrial) it is necessary to regulate shadows in order to ensure sunlight (Article 56-2 of the Building Standards Act: Restrictions on the height of mid- to high-rise buildings due to shadows). The specific extent of shadow regulation in each area is determined by local governments through ordinances. Therefore, at the time when a business operator applies for building confirmation, which is necessary for construction, the local government checks whether the building meets the shadow regulation standards, and residents automatically receive a certain amount of sunlight. This is called a public law standard. However, this does not solve all the problems, and conflicts between business operators and residents continue. This is because in Japan, there are many houses and people living in commercial and industrial areas that do not have shadow regulations, and even in residential areas with shadow regulations, the protection of sunlight is lax, and sufficient sunlight is not secured. As a result, residents have begun to sue buildings that meet the public law standards in court, and if the courts find that the damage is significant, they will grant compensation for damages and injunctive relief, ruling that the building is illegal under civil law even if it meets the shadow regulation standards. This is called the private law standard. The right to sunlight is currently examined under two standards: "public law" and "private law." [Takayoshi Igarashi] [Reference items] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
住居の日照(太陽の光)を確保する権利。「日照権」は、高層建築物によって日当りや採光の障害が社会常識上がまんの許容量を超えた場合に、損害賠償・建築工事差止めなどを行う根拠として主張される権利である。高層建築物が建てられる場所(地域性という)や被害の程度によって差止めや損害賠償が決められる。 日照権は、1970年代、都市への人口集中と地価の高騰により、住居の隣に営利を目的としたマンションなどの高層建築物が建てられ、日照妨害・プライバシー侵害などの被害が生じることに対する反発から始まった。当初、それは事業者と近隣住民の話し合いから始まったが、事業者はあくまで建築基準法に違反していない合法建築だとして譲らず、住民も日照を受けるのは基本的人権であると主張し、戦術的にも裁判に訴えたり、自治体に調整を求めるなどエスカレートさせていった。裁判所は住民の訴えを認め、すでに建ってしまったマンションに対しては損害賠償を、工事中の建築物については差止めを命じた。自治体も住民と協議しなければ建築を認めないという宅地開発指導要綱を定めてブレーキをかけようとした。しかし住民はさらに自治体に対し、行政指導というあやふやな規制ではなく、法的拘束力のある「日当り条例」を定めるよう直接請求を行うまでになった。 これを受けて政府は1977年(昭和52)、日照は都市生活のなかでも重要な生活利益であり、「住居系地域」(建築基準法・都市計画法では、住居系、商業系、工業系など12種類の用途地域を定めている)は、日照を確保するため日影を規制する必要があるとして、建築基準法の改正を行った(建築基準法第56条の2日影による中高層の建築物の高さの制限)。具体的にどの地域にどの程度の日影規制を行うかは、自治体が条例で定めている。そのため現在では、事業者が建築をするために必要な建築確認を申請した時点で日影規制基準をクリアしているかどうかを自治体がチェックするようになり、住民は自動的に一定の日照を得られるようになっている。これを公法的基準という。しかしこれで問題がすべて解決したわけではなく、事業者と住民の争いは絶えない。それは、日本では日影規制のない商業、工業系地域にも住宅があり人が住んでいる場合が多く、また日影規制のある住居系地域でも日照の保護が甘く、十分に日照が確保されないといった事情があるからである。そこで住民は公法的基準をクリアした建物についても裁判所に訴えるようになり、裁判所も、被害が大きいと認める場合には、日影規制基準をクリアしていても民法上違法であるとして、損害賠償や差止め請求を認めている。これを私法的基準という。日照権は現在のところ「公法」と「私法」という二重の基準で審査されている。 [五十嵐敬喜] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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