A pigment that gives red, purple, blue, etc. to the flowers and fruits of higher plants, and is contained as a glycoside. It dissolves easily in water containing hydrochloric acid, methanol, ethanol, and acetic acid, and is red in color. It is insoluble in ether, benzene, chloroform, petroleum ether, etc., and is extremely soluble in amyl alcohol, butanol, and propanol. Many of them form picrate salts that are poorly soluble in water, and this property is used to purify pigments. Currently, 50 to 60 types of glycosides have been isolated from flowers and fruits, and the aglycones obtained by hydrolysis belong to one of three types of anthocyanidins. The sugars found are glucose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, or combinations of two or three of these, and form 3-glycosides or 3,5-diglycosides. Although there are only a very small number of aglycones that give flowers and fruits their color, their colors are extremely diverse. This is because anthocyanins have an unstable flavylium structure, which causes subtle structural changes depending on the pH of the cell sap and coexisting anthoxanthins. Anthocyanins can also form stable blue complexes with Mg2 + and Fe3 + , as shown in the blue flowers of dayflower and cornerflower. Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition |
高等植物の花や果実に赤,紫,青などの色を与える色素で,配糖体として含まれる.塩酸を含む水,メタノール,エタノールや酢酸によく溶け,赤色を呈する.エーテル,ベンゼン,クロロホルム,石油エーテルなどに不溶,アミルアルコール,ブタノール,プロパノールなどにきわめて難溶.水に難溶なピクリン酸塩をつくるものが多く,この性質は色素の精製に利用される.現在,花や果実から単離されている配糖体は50~60種類に及ぶが,加水分解して得られるアグリコンはアントシアニジンの3種類の型のどれかに属している.糖はグルコース,ガラクトース,ラムノース,キシロース,アラビノースあるいはこれらの2,3種類の組合せが見られ,3-グリコシドか3,5-ジグリコシドを形成している.花や果実の発色のもとになるアグリコンの種類がごく少ないにもかかわらず,それらの色調が千変万化なのは,アントシアニンが不安定なフラビリウム構造をもつため,細胞液のpHや共存するアントキサンチン類などによって微妙な構造変化を引き起こすこと,またツユクサやヤグルマギクの青色花で示されたように,アントシアニンが Mg2+ や Fe3+ と安定な青色錯体を形成することなどによる. 出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報 |
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