In the 17th century, following the Age of Discovery and into the age of mercantilism, a chartered company was established modelled on the East India Companies of various countries with the primary objective of monopolising trade with the New World, the west coast of Africa and the islands of the Caribbean, which were gradually becoming evident. There were chartered companies in the Netherlands and France. [Iizuka Ichiro] Dutch West India CompanyThe Netherlands, which appeared late in the Age of Discovery, established the Dutch East India Company (1602) soon after the start of the 17th century and began a mercantilist monopoly on trade. However, the East Indies were not suitable as a wool market, and Willem Uselinx, who opposed the company's autocratic management, proposed the establishment of the West India Company to develop a market for Dutch manufactured products (especially woolen textiles) when the truce with Spain expired in 1621. This company was given a trade monopoly on the west coast of Africa and the coastal areas of North and South America that were not monopolized by the East India Company, and was given the authority by the Dutch Confederation to establish colonies, appoint and dismiss governors and other local officials, legislate, administer, prepare military equipment, and conclude treaties. However, unlike the modern, democratic joint-stock company that Usselinx had envisioned, the main purpose of the company was to overthrow the colonial system established by Spain. In 1630, the West India Company's fleet occupied Pernambuco, a sugar-growing region in Brazil, a Portuguese colony that had been annexed by Spain. The company also established the city of New Amsterdam in the colony of New Netherland at the mouth of the Hudson River (1626). However, after the establishment of peace between Spain and the Netherlands (the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648), the company was unable to control its attacks on the Spanish silver fleet and its occupation of the colonies, and its business did not go well. Its charter was renewed in 1700, 1730, and 1762, but it was forced to dissolve in 1790. [Iizuka Ichiro] French West India CompanyFounded in 1664 by Louis XIV's financial director Colbert to promote mercantilist policies, the company was granted trade monopolies in Canada, Acadia, and the coast of West Africa. It attempted to monopolise sugar in the West Indies, but lost in a battle with Britain. It then established the Senegal Company to monopolise the slave trade in West Africa, but was also defeated by Britain. In 1719, the three East Indies, Senegal, and West Indies companies were merged to form the Company of India. [Iizuka Ichiro] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
大航海時代を経て17世紀の重商主義時代に、しだいに明らかになった新大陸、アフリカ西岸およびカリブ海の島々との貿易独占を主たる目的として各国の東インド会社に倣い設立された特許会社。オランダとフランスにあった。 [飯塚一郎] オランダ西インド会社大航海時代に遅れて登場したオランダは、17世紀に入ってまもなく東インド会社を設立(1602)して重商主義的独占貿易を始めた。しかし、毛織物市場として東インドは不適当であり、かつ会社の専制的運営に反対していたウィレム・ユセリンクスの提案により、1621年スペインとの休戦条約の期限切れを契機に、オランダ工業品(とくに毛織物)の市場開拓のために西インド会社が設立された。この会社は、東インド会社の独占地域以外のアフリカ西岸および南北アメリカ沿岸諸地域での貿易独占権を与えられ、植民地建設、総督をはじめ現地の役員の任免権、立法、行政、軍備、条約の締結に関する権原をオランダ連邦議会から与えられた。しかし設立されると、会社は、ユセリンクスの考えていたような近代的、民主的な株式会社とは異なり、主目的はスペインの建設した植民地体制を打破するために利用され、1630年には西インド会社の艦隊は、スペインに合併されていたポルトガルの植民地ブラジルの砂糖栽培地ペルナンブコを占領、また西インド諸島に根拠地を置いて、スペインの銀船隊に対する私拿捕(しだほ)を繰り返した。またハドソン川の河口ニュー・ネーデルラント植民地にニュー・アムステルダム市を建設した(1626)。しかしスペインとオランダの間に和平が成立(1648年のウェストファリア条約)すると、スペインの銀船隊襲撃も植民地の占領も思うにまかせず、会社の事業も振るわず、1700年、30年、62年と特許は更新されたが、1790年解散のやむなきに至った。 [飯塚一郎] フランス西インド会社ルイ14世の財務総監コルベールが重商主義政策を推進するために1664年設立、カナダ、アカディア、西アフリカ沿岸の貿易独占権を賦与された。西インド諸島の砂糖の独占を企図したが、イギリスとの抗争に敗れ、その後西アフリカの奴隷貿易の独占を企図してセネガル会社を設立したが、これもイギリスに敗退した。1719年に東インド、セネガル、西インドの三会社を合併してインド会社と改称した。 [飯塚一郎] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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