Tears - Namida

Japanese: 涙 - なみだ
Tears - Namida

This is a physiological fluid present in the conjunctival sac, and is a mixture of secretions from the lacrimal gland, accessory lacrimal gland, conjunctival goblet cells, meibomian glands, and sebaceous glands at the eyelid margin. Tears prevent the conjunctiva and cornea from drying out, cover the cornea to smooth out minute irregularities on the corneal surface, and are an optical element that corrects the refraction of light. They also play an emotional and cosmetic role, such as making the eyes moist and bright. Thus, there is basic physiological secretion, and reflex secretion due to psychological or mucosal irritation caused by foreign objects. The amount of tears varies depending on sex and age, with young people producing more and women producing more than men. Its specific gravity is 1.0129, and it is slightly alkaline. It contains various electrolytes, glucose, proteins, mucopolysaccharides, lipids, etc. Lysozyme is known to have a bactericidal effect. The Schirmer method is usually used to measure the rate of tear secretion. This involves inserting one end of a piece of filter paper, 0.5 centimeters wide and 3.5 centimeters long, into the conjunctival sac and measuring the length of the paper that becomes wet after 5 minutes. In normal people, this is more than 10 millimeters.

The surface of the cornea has three layers: a fat layer, a liquid layer, and a polysaccharide layer. The fat layer prevents the evaporation of tears and the drying of the cornea. If this layer disappears, the evaporation rate increases 20-fold. There is a disease in which the amount of tears secreted decreases. This causes keratoconjunctivitis, which can sometimes become serious. It is specifically caused by a deficiency of lysozyme, and is thought to be a type of autoimmune disease of the lacrimal gland tissue. It is common in women over 40 years old. When combined with dry mouth and rheumatoid arthritis, it is called Sjögren's syndrome. Treatment involves the use of artificial tears and methods to prevent tears from flowing out of the conjunctival sac.

Dry eye, which has been increasing in recent years, is a condition that is caused by a variety of factors, including decreased tear secretion, related changes in living environments, the use of computers on a daily basis, an increase in the number of contact lens wearers, and an aging population. This causes the surface of the eye to become more prone to dryness, leading to various corneal and conjunctival disorders and causing vague symptoms.

[Kazuo Iwata]

[References] | Cornea | Conjunctiva | Sjögren's syndrome | Dry eye | Eye | Lysozyme | Lacrimal gland

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

結膜嚢(のう)内に生理的に存在する液で、涙腺(るいせん)、副涙腺の分泌液に、結膜杯細胞、マイボーム腺ならびに眼瞼縁(がんけんえん)の皮脂腺の分泌液などが混じったものである。涙は結膜や角膜の乾燥を防ぎ、角膜を覆って微細な角膜面の凹凸を平らにし、光の屈折を正しくする光学的一要素ともなる一方、潤んだ目や輝く目など、感情的、美容的役割も演じている。このように基本的な生理的分泌と、精神的あるいは異物の粘膜刺激などによる反射的分泌がある。涙液量は性や年齢によって変動し、若い人は多く、女性が男性より多いとされる。比重は1.0129で、ややアルカリ性である。諸電解質、ブドウ糖、タンパク質、ムコ多糖、脂質などを含む。なかでもリゾチームは殺菌作用のあることが知られている。涙の分泌速度の測定には通常シルマー法が用いられる。これは、幅0.5センチメートル、長さ3.5センチメートルの濾紙(ろし)の一端を結膜嚢に挿入し、5分間で濡(ぬ)れた長さを測定するものである。正常人では10ミリメートル以上である。

 角膜表面には脂肪層、液層、多糖類層の3層が並び、脂肪層は涙液の蒸発を防ぎ、角膜の乾燥を防ぐ。この層が消失すると蒸発率は20倍になるという。涙の分泌量の減少する疾患がある。これは角・結膜炎をおこし、ときに重篤になる。リゾチームの欠乏が特異的で、涙腺組織に対する一種の自己免疫疾患と考えられている。40歳以上の女性に多い。口内乾燥や関節リウマチを合併したものは、シェーグレン症候群とよばれる。治療としては人工涙液を用いたり、結膜嚢からの涙の流出を防止する方法が用いられる。

 近年増加しているドライアイは、涙液分泌減少や、関連する生活環境の変化、コンピュータ作業の日常化、コンタクトレンズ装用者の増加、高齢化など多種多様な要因が加わり、眼球表面が乾燥傾向となり、いろいろな角膜・結膜障害をもたらしたり、不定愁訴の原因となっている。

[岩田和雄]

[参照項目] | 角膜 | 結膜 | シェーグレン症候群 | ドライアイ | | リゾチーム | 涙腺

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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